IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/rensus/v16y2012i5p3105-3116.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Current facts about offshore wind farms

Author

Listed:
  • Madariaga, A.
  • de Alegría, I. Martínez
  • Martín, J.L.
  • Eguía, P.
  • Ceballos, S.

Abstract

This paper reviews offshore wind projects with a wide perspective. The current situation of the offshore wind market is presented, pointing out the countries leading the process in terms of installed capacity and in terms of technological leadership. Feasibility studies of alternative offshore wind farms (OWFs) are interesting not only in relation to the business but in relation to the techno-economical analyses that engineering researchers need to do. Details about the average energy yield assessment, the costs and the price for the purchased energy are commented on, as key elements of those feasibility studies. The higher cost of renewable energy sources of electricity (RESE) when compared with conventional sources, demands appropriate policy support. The European regulatory framework and the support schemes established by European Member States are presented, as well as the role that different transmission system operators (TSOs) are playing at the moment. Finally, most of the OWFs currently operating are presented, analysing the technical characteristics of their electric subsystems: the wind energy conversion systems (WECSs) transforming the kinetic energy of the wind into electricity, the collector system (CS) gathering the power output of all the turbines to a central collection point (CCP) and the transmission system (TS) taking that power to the onshore main grid.

Suggested Citation

  • Madariaga, A. & de Alegría, I. Martínez & Martín, J.L. & Eguía, P. & Ceballos, S., 2012. "Current facts about offshore wind farms," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 16(5), pages 3105-3116.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:16:y:2012:i:5:p:3105-3116
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2012.02.022
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032112001165
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.rser.2012.02.022?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Chakraborty, Arindam, 2011. "Advancements in power electronics and drives in interface with growing renewable energy resources," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 15(4), pages 1816-1827, May.
    2. Green, Richard & Vasilakos, Nicholas, 2010. "Market behaviour with large amounts of intermittent generation," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 38(7), pages 3211-3220, July.
    3. Luickx, Patrick J. & Delarue, Erik D. & D'haeseleer, William D., 2010. "Impact of large amounts of wind power on the operation of an electricity generation system: Belgian case study," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 14(7), pages 2019-2028, September.
    4. Green, Richard & Vasilakos, Nicholas, 2011. "The economics of offshore wind," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 39(2), pages 496-502, February.
    5. Sáenz de Miera, Gonzalo & del Ri­o González, Pablo & Vizcaino, Ignacio, 2008. "Analysing the impact of renewable electricity support schemes on power prices: The case of wind electricity in Spain," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 36(9), pages 3345-3359, September.
    6. Munksgaard, Jesper & Morthorst, Poul Erik, 2008. "Wind power in the Danish liberalised power market--Policy measures, price impact and investor incentives," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 36(10), pages 3940-3947, October.
    7. de Alegría, Iñigo Martínez & Martín, Jose Luis & Kortabarria, Iñigo & Andreu, Jon & Ereño, Pedro Ibañez, 2009. "Transmission alternatives for offshore electrical power," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 13(5), pages 1027-1038, June.
    8. Wang, Qiang, 2010. "Effective policies for renewable energy--the example of China's wind power--lessons for China's photovoltaic power," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 14(2), pages 702-712, February.
    9. Caliao, Nolan D., 2011. "Dynamic modelling and control of fully rated converter wind turbines," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(8), pages 2287-2297.
    10. Chen, Jinjin, 2011. "Development of offshore wind power in China," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 15(9), pages 5013-5020.
    11. Villanueva, D. & Feijóo, A., 2010. "Wind power distributions: A review of their applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 14(5), pages 1490-1495, June.
    12. Sensfuß, Frank & Ragwitz, Mario & Genoese, Massimo, 2008. "The merit-order effect: A detailed analysis of the price effect of renewable electricity generation on spot market prices in Germany," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 36(8), pages 3076-3084, August.
    13. Twomey, Paul & Neuhoff, Karsten, 2010. "Wind power and market power in competitive markets," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 38(7), pages 3198-3210, July.
    14. van der Zwaan, Bob & Rivera-Tinoco, Rodrigo & Lensink, Sander & van den Oosterkamp, Paul, 2012. "Cost reductions for offshore wind power: Exploring the balance between scaling, learning and R&D," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 389-393.
    15. Dicorato, M. & Forte, G. & Pisani, M. & Trovato, M., 2011. "Guidelines for assessment of investment cost for offshore wind generation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(8), pages 2043-2051.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Salo, Olli & Syri, Sanna, 2014. "What economic support is needed for Arctic offshore wind power?," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 31(C), pages 343-352.
    2. Thomas, B. & Costoya, X. & deCastro, M. & Carvalho, D. & Gómez-Gesteira, M., 2024. "Wake effect impact on the levelized cost of energy in large floating offshore wind farms: A case of study in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 304(C).
    3. Martinez, A. & Iglesias, G., 2022. "Mapping of the levelised cost of energy for floating offshore wind in the European Atlantic," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 154(C).
    4. Rodrigues, S. & Restrepo, C. & Kontos, E. & Teixeira Pinto, R. & Bauer, P., 2015. "Trends of offshore wind projects," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 1114-1135.
    5. Ruddy, Jonathan & Meere, Ronan & O’Donnell, Terence, 2016. "Low Frequency AC transmission for offshore wind power: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 75-86.
    6. Trapani, Kim & Millar, Dean L. & Smith, Helen C.M., 2013. "Novel offshore application of photovoltaics in comparison to conventional marine renewable energy technologies," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 879-888.
    7. Brzezińska-Rawa, Anna & Goździewicz-Biechońska, Justyna, 2014. "Recent developments in the wind energy sector in Poland," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 79-87.
    8. Toonen, Hilde M. & Lindeboom, Han J., 2015. "Dark green electricity comes from the sea: Capitalizing on ecological merits of offshore wind power?," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 1023-1033.
    9. Madariaga, A. & Martín, J.L. & Zamora, I. & Martínez de Alegría, I. & Ceballos, S., 2013. "Technological trends in electric topologies for offshore wind power plants," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 24(C), pages 32-44.
    10. Dedecca, João Gorenstein & Hakvoort, Rudi A. & Ortt, J. Roland, 2016. "Market strategies for offshore wind in Europe: A development and diffusion perspective," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 66(C), pages 286-296.
    11. Shariat Torbaghan, Shahab & Müller, Hannah K. & Gibescu, Madeleine & van der Meijden, Mart & Roggenkamp, Martha, 2015. "The legal and economic impacts of implementing a joint feed-in premium support scheme on the development of an offshore grid," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 263-277.
    12. Castro-Santos, Laura & Martins, Elson & Guedes Soares, C., 2016. "Cost assessment methodology for combined wind and wave floating offshore renewable energy systems," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 866-880.
    13. Satir, Mert & Murphy, Fionnuala & McDonnell, Kevin, 2018. "Feasibility study of an offshore wind farm in the Aegean Sea, Turkey," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P2), pages 2552-2562.
    14. Salcedo-Sanz, S. & Gallo-Marazuela, D. & Pastor-Sánchez, A. & Carro-Calvo, L. & Portilla-Figueras, A. & Prieto, L., 2014. "Offshore wind farm design with the Coral Reefs Optimization algorithm," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 109-115.
    15. Hammar, Linus & Wikström, Andreas & Molander, Sverker, 2014. "Assessing ecological risks of offshore wind power on Kattegat cod," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 66(C), pages 414-424.
    16. Schallenberg-Rodríguez, Julieta & García Montesdeoca, Nuria, 2018. "Spatial planning to estimate the offshore wind energy potential in coastal regions and islands. Practical case: The Canary Islands," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 143(C), pages 91-103.
    17. Zountouridou, E.I. & Kiokes, G.C. & Chakalis, S. & Georgilakis, P.S. & Hatziargyriou, N.D., 2015. "Offshore floating wind parks in the deep waters of Mediterranean Sea," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 433-448.
    18. Al-Nassar, W.K. & Neelamani, S. & Al-Salem, K.A. & Al-Dashti, H.A., 2019. "Feasibility of offshore wind energy as an alternative source for the state of Kuwait," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 169(C), pages 783-796.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Würzburg, Klaas & Labandeira, Xavier & Linares, Pedro, 2013. "Renewable generation and electricity prices: Taking stock and new evidence for Germany and Austria," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 40(S1), pages 159-171.
    2. Browne, Oliver & Poletti, Stephen & Young, David, 2015. "How does market power affect the impact of large scale wind investment in 'energy only' wholesale electricity markets?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 17-27.
    3. Green, Richard & Vasilakos, Nicholas, 2011. "The economics of offshore wind," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 39(2), pages 496-502, February.
    4. Hirth, Lion, 2013. "The market value of variable renewables," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 218-236.
    5. Jean-Luc Gaffard & Mauro Napoletano, 2012. "Agent-based models and economic policy," Post-Print hal-03461120, HAL.
    6. Ketterer, Janina C., 2014. "The impact of wind power generation on the electricity price in Germany," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 270-280.
    7. repec:hal:spmain:info:hdl:2441/53r60a8s3kup1vc9l564igg8g is not listed on IDEAS
    8. Cristina Ballester & Dolores Furió, 2017. "Impact of Wind Electricity Forecasts on Bidding Strategies," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(8), pages 1-17, August.
    9. Schaber, Katrin & Steinke, Florian & Hamacher, Thomas, 2012. "Transmission grid extensions for the integration of variable renewable energies in Europe: Who benefits where?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 43(C), pages 123-135.
    10. Bernath, Christiane & Deac, Gerda & Sensfuß, Frank, 2021. "Impact of sector coupling on the market value of renewable energies – A model-based scenario analysis," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 281(C).
    11. repec:hal:wpspec:info:hdl:2441/53r60a8s3kup1vc9l564igg8g is not listed on IDEAS
    12. Lion Hirth, 2013. "The Market Value of Variable Renewables. The Effect of Solar and Wind Power Variability on their Relative Price," RSCAS Working Papers 2013/36, European University Institute.
    13. repec:spo:wpmain:info:hdl:2441/53r60a8s3kup1vc9l564igg8g is not listed on IDEAS
    14. repec:spo:wpecon:info:hdl:2441/53r60a8s3kup1vc9l564igg8g is not listed on IDEAS
    15. McConnell, Dylan & Hearps, Patrick & Eales, Dominic & Sandiford, Mike & Dunn, Rebecca & Wright, Matthew & Bateman, Lachlan, 2013. "Retrospective modeling of the merit-order effect on wholesale electricity prices from distributed photovoltaic generation in the Australian National Electricity Market," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 17-27.
    16. Thao Pham & Killian Lemoine, 2020. "Impacts of subsidized renewable electricity generation on spot market prices in Germany : Evidence from a GARCH model with panel data," Working Papers hal-02568268, HAL.
    17. Nicolosi, Marco, 2011. "The impact of RES-E policy setting on integration effects - A detailed analysis of capacity expansion and dispatch results," MPRA Paper 31835, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    18. Hirth, Lion & Ueckerdt, Falko, 2013. "Redistribution effects of energy and climate policy: The electricity market," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 934-947.
    19. Figueiredo, Nuno Carvalho & Silva, Patrícia Pereira da & Cerqueira, Pedro A., 2016. "It is windy in Denmark: Does market integration suffer?," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 115(P2), pages 1385-1399.
    20. Espinosa, María Paz & Pizarro-Irizar, Cristina, 2018. "Is renewable energy a cost-effective mitigation resource? An application to the Spanish electricity market," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 902-914.
    21. Dressler, Luisa, 2016. "Support schemes for renewable electricity in the European Union: Producer strategies and competition," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 186-196.
    22. Cludius, Johanna & Forrest, Sam & MacGill, Iain, 2014. "Distributional effects of the Australian Renewable Energy Target (RET) through wholesale and retail electricity price impacts," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 40-51.
    23. Schaefer, Manuel S. & Lloyd, Bob & Stephenson, Janet R., 2012. "The suitability of a feed-in tariff for wind energy in New Zealand—A study based on stakeholders' perspectives," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 43(C), pages 80-91.
    24. Darghouth, Naïm R. & Barbose, Galen & Wiser, Ryan H., 2014. "Customer-economics of residential photovoltaic systems (Part 1): The impact of high renewable energy penetrations on electricity bill savings with net metering," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 290-300.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:16:y:2012:i:5:p:3105-3116. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/600126/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.