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Advancing anaerobic digestion through two-stage processes: Current developments and future trends

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  • Rajendran, Karthik
  • Mahapatra, Durgamadhab
  • Venkatraman, Arun Venkatesh
  • Muthuswamy, Shanmugaprakash
  • Pugazhendhi, Arivalagan

Abstract

Two-stage biogas production is reported to overcome the drawbacks of productivity in anaerobic digestion (AD). Recent publications indicate an increase in methane yield between 10 and 30% via two-stage AD. However, the industrial acceptance is minimal due to their reliability and operational issues. This paper critically reviews the two-stage AD for biogas production. Some of the research gaps identified in two-stage AD include lack of techno-economic analysis to show the industry about the feasibility of this process. There is a clear trade-off between the increase in the methane yield vs. the cost it takes to build the second digester. Practically, building a second digester is not economically feasible due to economies of scale. Other technical challenges include the recirculation leads to ammonia accumulation in the system, and disturbance in syntrophic relationships of microbes between the two-stages. Techno-economic analysis suggests that two stage AD could be about 3% expensive than a single stage AD. Further detailed analysis is required to show clear evidence about the economics and feasibility of two stage AD. The parasitic energy demand of the two-stage system will be higher than a single stage AD due to the reason that two reactors are involved for mixing or maintaining temperature. Most of the two-stage AD, operates at a different temperature and hence the energy demand will be different for different reactors. Some of the problem in the literature includes assessing the stage wise OLR, HRT data, and TS/VS balance before and after the process. To address these issues, further work is necessary to standardize the way two-stage experiments are carried out including the parameters that are necessary to be measured for reproducibility.

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  • Rajendran, Karthik & Mahapatra, Durgamadhab & Venkatraman, Arun Venkatesh & Muthuswamy, Shanmugaprakash & Pugazhendhi, Arivalagan, 2020. "Advancing anaerobic digestion through two-stage processes: Current developments and future trends," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 123(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:123:y:2020:i:c:s1364032120300435
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2020.109746
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    1. Rajendran, Karthik & Kankanala, Harshavardhan R. & Martinsson, Rakel & Taherzadeh, Mohammad J., 2014. "Uncertainty over techno-economic potentials of biogas from municipal solid waste (MSW): A case study on an industrial process," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 125(C), pages 84-92.
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    5. Collins, B.A. & Birzer, C.H. & Harris, P.W. & Kidd, S.P. & McCabe, B.K. & Medwell, P.R., 2023. "Two-phase anaerobic digestion in leach bed reactors coupled to anaerobic filters: A review and the potential of biochar filters," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 175(C).
    6. Mahmudul, H.M. & Rasul, M.G. & Akbar, D. & Narayanan, R. & Mofijur, M., 2022. "Food waste as a source of sustainable energy: Technical, economical, environmental and regulatory feasibility analysis," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 166(C).
    7. Guimarães de Oliveira, Maurício & Marques Mourão, José Marcos & Marques de Oliveira, Ana Katherinne & Bezerra dos Santos, André & Lopes Pereira, Erlon, 2021. "Microaerophilic treatment enhanced organic matter removal and methane production rates during swine wastewater treatment: A long-term engineering evaluation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 180(C), pages 691-699.
    8. Tsigkou, Konstantina & Sventzouri, Eirini & Zafiri, Constantina & Kornaros, Michael, 2023. "Digestate recirculation rate optimization for the enhancement of hydrogen production: The case of disposable nappies and fruit/vegetable waste valorization in a mesophilic two-stage anaerobic digestio," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 215(C).
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