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Post-functionalization of polymeric mesoporous C@Zn core–shell spheres used for methyl ester production

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  • Soltani, Soroush
  • Rashid, Umer
  • Yunus, Robiah
  • Taufiq-Yap, Yun Hin
  • Al-Resayes, Saud Ibrahim

Abstract

In the present study, the mesoporous carbon@zinc (C@Zn) core-shell spheres were hydrothermally synthesized, using polyethylene glycol (PEG) as the surfactant and d-glucose as the pore forming agent. Then, the post-sulfonation treatment was carried out to prepare polymeric mesoporous SO3H-ZnO catalyst. The physicochemical, structural, textural and morphological properties of the synthesized catalysts were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), surface area analysis (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller equation), temperature programed desorption (TPD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The polymeric mesoporous SO3H-ZnO catalyst owned a high surface area of 396.56 m2/g with the average pore size of 3.45 nm and acid strength of 1.92 ± 0.05 mmol/g. The catalytic activity of the synthesized catalyst was further studied via esterification of the palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), using a microwave-assisted technique. The biodiesel yield of 91.20% was achieved under the optimized esterification conditions as follows: the methanol to PFAD molar ratio of 9:1, catalyst concentration of 1.5 wt%, reaction temperature of 90 °C and reaction time of 15 min. The spent mesoporous catalyst was highly stable for reuse with nine continuous runs without further treatment.

Suggested Citation

  • Soltani, Soroush & Rashid, Umer & Yunus, Robiah & Taufiq-Yap, Yun Hin & Al-Resayes, Saud Ibrahim, 2016. "Post-functionalization of polymeric mesoporous C@Zn core–shell spheres used for methyl ester production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 99(C), pages 1235-1243.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:99:y:2016:i:c:p:1235-1243
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2016.08.025
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Konwar, Lakhya Jyoti & Boro, Jutika & Deka, Dhanapati, 2014. "Review on latest developments in biodiesel production using carbon-based catalysts," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 546-564.
    2. Lokman, Ibrahim M. & Rashid, Umer & Taufiq-Yap, Yun Hin & Yunus, Robiah, 2015. "Methyl ester production from palm fatty acid distillate using sulfonated glucose-derived acid catalyst," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 347-354.
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    1. Tooba Touqeer & Muhammad Waseem Mumtaz & Hamid Mukhtar & Ahmad Irfan & Sadia Akram & Aroosh Shabbir & Umer Rashid & Imededdine Arbi Nehdi & Thomas Shean Yaw Choong, 2019. "Fe 3 O 4 -PDA-Lipase as Surface Functionalized Nano Biocatalyst for the Production of Biodiesel Using Waste Cooking Oil as Feedstock: Characterization and Process Optimization," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-19, December.
    2. Soltani, Soroush & Khanian, Nasrin & Rashid, Umer & Choong, Thomas Shean Yaw, 2020. "Core-shell ZnO-TiO2 hollow spheres synthesized by in-situ hydrothermal method for ester production application," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 151(C), pages 1076-1081.
    3. Soltani, Soroush & Roodbar Shojaei, Taha & Khanian, Nasrin & Shean Yaw Choong, Thomas & Asim, Nilofar & Zhao, Yue, 2022. "Artificial neural network method modeling of microwave-assisted esterification of PFAD over mesoporous TiO2‒ZnO catalyst," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 187(C), pages 760-773.

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