IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/renene/v164y2021icp1376-1394.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Economic analysis and optimization of a renewable energy based power supply system with different energy storages for a remote island

Author

Listed:
  • Javed, Muhammad Shahzad
  • Ma, Tao
  • Jurasz, Jakub
  • Canales, Fausto A.
  • Lin, Shaoquan
  • Ahmed, Salman
  • Zhang, Yijie

Abstract

This study investigates and compares the various combinations of renewable energies (solar, wind) and storage technologies (battery, pumped hydro storage, hybrid storage) for an off-grid power supply system. Four configurations (i.e., single RE source system, double RE source system, single storage, and double storage system) based on two scenarios (self-discharge equal to 0% and 1%) are considered, and their operational performance is compared and analyzed. The energy management strategy created for the hybrid pumped battery storage (HPBS) considers that batteries cover low energy surplus/shortages while pumped hydro storage (PHS) is the primary energy storage device for serving high-energy generations/deficits. The developed mathematical model is optimized using Particle Swarm Optimization and the performance and results of the optimizer are discussed in particular detail. The results evidence that self-discharge has a significant impact on the cost of energy (13%–50%) for all configurations due to the substantial increase in renewable energy (RE) generators size compared to the energy storage capacity. Even though solar-wind-PHS is the cost-optimal arrangement, it exhibits lower reliability when compared to solar-wind-HPBS. The study reveals the significance of HPBS in the off-grid RE environment, allowing more flexible energy management, enabling to guarantee a 100% power supply with minimum cost and reducing energy curtailment. Additionally, this study presents and discuss the results of a sensitivity analysis conducted by varying load demand and energy balance of all considered configurations is performed, which reveals the effectiveness of the supplementary functionality of both storages in hybrid mode. Overall, the role of energy storage in hybrid mode improved, and the total energy covered by hybrid storage increased (48%), which reduced the direct dependency on variable RE generation.

Suggested Citation

  • Javed, Muhammad Shahzad & Ma, Tao & Jurasz, Jakub & Canales, Fausto A. & Lin, Shaoquan & Ahmed, Salman & Zhang, Yijie, 2021. "Economic analysis and optimization of a renewable energy based power supply system with different energy storages for a remote island," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 164(C), pages 1376-1394.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:164:y:2021:i:c:p:1376-1394
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2020.10.063
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148120316293
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.renene.2020.10.063?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Jurasz, Jakub & Ciapała, Bartłomiej, 2017. "Integrating photovoltaics into energy systems by using a run-off-river power plant with pondage to smooth energy exchange with the power gird," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 198(C), pages 21-35.
    2. Maleki, Akbar & Ameri, Mehran & Keynia, Farshid, 2015. "Scrutiny of multifarious particle swarm optimization for finding the optimal size of a PV/wind/battery hybrid system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 552-563.
    3. Aziz, Ali Saleh & Tajuddin, Mohammad Faridun Naim & Adzman, Mohd Rafi & Azmi, Azralmukmin & Ramli, Makbul A.M., 2019. "Optimization and sensitivity analysis of standalone hybrid energy systems for rural electrification: A case study of Iraq," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 138(C), pages 775-792.
    4. Ma, Tao & Yang, Hongxing & Lu, Lin & Peng, Jinqing, 2015. "Pumped storage-based standalone photovoltaic power generation system: Modeling and techno-economic optimization," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 137(C), pages 649-659.
    5. Javed, Muhammad Shahzad & Ma, Tao & Jurasz, Jakub & Ahmed, Salman & Mikulik, Jerzy, 2020. "Performance comparison of heuristic algorithms for optimization of hybrid off-grid renewable energy systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 210(C).
    6. Arani, A.A. Khodadoost & Karami, H. & Gharehpetian, G.B. & Hejazi, M.S.A., 2017. "Review of Flywheel Energy Storage Systems structures and applications in power systems and microgrids," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 9-18.
    7. Mohammed Guezgouz & Jakub Jurasz & Benaissa Bekkouche, 2019. "Techno-Economic and Environmental Analysis of a Hybrid PV-WT-PSH/BB Standalone System Supplying Various Loads," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-28, February.
    8. Nasser Yimen & Oumarou Hamandjoda & Lucien Meva’a & Benoit Ndzana & Jean Nganhou, 2018. "Analyzing of a Photovoltaic/Wind/Biogas/Pumped-Hydro Off-Grid Hybrid System for Rural Electrification in Sub-Saharan Africa—Case Study of Djoundé in Northern Cameroon," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-30, October.
    9. Ma, Tao & Yang, Hongxing & Lu, Lin & Peng, Jinqing, 2014. "Technical feasibility study on a standalone hybrid solar-wind system with pumped hydro storage for a remote island in Hong Kong," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 7-15.
    10. Sawle, Yashwant & Gupta, S.C. & Bohre, Aashish Kumar, 2018. "Review of hybrid renewable energy systems with comparative analysis of off-grid hybrid system," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P2), pages 2217-2235.
    11. Papaefthymiou, Stefanos V. & Papathanassiou, Stavros A., 2014. "Optimum sizing of wind-pumped-storage hybrid power stations in island systems," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 64(C), pages 187-196.
    12. Çelik, Doğan & Meral, Mehmet Emin, 2019. "A novel control strategy for grid connected distributed generation system to maximize power delivery capability," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 186(C).
    13. Li, Jianwei & Yang, Qingqing & Robinson, Francis. & Liang, Fei & Zhang, Min & Yuan, Weijia, 2017. "Design and test of a new droop control algorithm for a SMES/battery hybrid energy storage system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 1110-1122.
    14. Javed, Muhammad Shahzad & Song, Aotian & Ma, Tao, 2019. "Techno-economic assessment of a stand-alone hybrid solar-wind-battery system for a remote island using genetic algorithm," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 176(C), pages 704-717.
    15. Chatzivasileiadi, Aikaterini & Ampatzi, Eleni & Knight, Ian, 2013. "Characteristics of electrical energy storage technologies and their applications in buildings," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 25(C), pages 814-830.
    16. Janghorban Esfahani, Iman & Ifaei, Pouya & Kim, Jinsoo & Yoo, ChangKyoo, 2016. "Design of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems with Battery/Hydrogen storage considering practical power losses: A MEPoPA (Modified Extended-Power Pinch Analysis)," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 100(C), pages 40-50.
    17. Stoppato, Anna & Cavazzini, Giovanna & Ardizzon, Guido & Rossetti, Antonio, 2014. "A PSO (particle swarm optimization)-based model for the optimal management of a small PV(Photovoltaic)-pump hydro energy storage in a rural dry area," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 168-174.
    18. Karakoulidis, K. & Mavridis, K. & Bandekas, D.V. & Adoniadis, P. & Potolias, C. & Vordos, N., 2011. "Techno-economic analysis of a stand-alone hybrid photovoltaic-diesel–battery-fuel cell power system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(8), pages 2238-2244.
    19. Ma, Tao & Yang, Hongxing & Lu, Lin, 2015. "Development of hybrid battery–supercapacitor energy storage for remote area renewable energy systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 153(C), pages 56-62.
    20. Nfah, E.M. & Ngundam, J.M., 2009. "Feasibility of pico-hydro and photovoltaic hybrid power systems for remote villages in Cameroon," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 34(6), pages 1445-1450.
    21. Gioutsos, Dean Marcus & Blok, Kornelis & van Velzen, Leonore & Moorman, Sjoerd, 2018. "Cost-optimal electricity systems with increasing renewable energy penetration for islands across the globe," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 226(C), pages 437-449.
    22. Javed, Muhammad Shahzad & Zhong, Dan & Ma, Tao & Song, Aotian & Ahmed, Salman, 2020. "Hybrid pumped hydro and battery storage for renewable energy based power supply system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 257(C).
    23. Zhang, Chao & Wei, Yi-Li & Cao, Peng-Fei & Lin, Meng-Chang, 2018. "Energy storage system: Current studies on batteries and power condition system," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 82(P3), pages 3091-3106.
    24. Niknam, Taher & Fard, Abdollah Kavousi & Seifi, Alireza, 2012. "Distribution feeder reconfiguration considering fuel cell/wind/photovoltaic power plants," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 37(1), pages 213-225.
    25. Jacobson, Mark Z. & Delucchi, Mark A., 2011. "Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power, Part I: Technologies, energy resources, quantities and areas of infrastructure, and materials," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 39(3), pages 1154-1169, March.
    26. Luo, Xing & Wang, Jihong & Dooner, Mark & Clarke, Jonathan, 2015. "Overview of current development in electrical energy storage technologies and the application potential in power system operation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 137(C), pages 511-536.
    27. Destro, Nicola & Benato, Alberto & Stoppato, Anna & Mirandola, Alberto, 2016. "Components design and daily operation optimization of a hybrid system with energy storages," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 117(P2), pages 569-577.
    28. Paish, Oliver, 2002. "Small hydro power: technology and current status," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 6(6), pages 537-556, December.
    29. Baker, John, 2008. "New technology and possible advances in energy storage," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 36(12), pages 4368-4373, December.
    30. Prodromidis, George N. & Coutelieris, Frank A., 2012. "Simulations of economical and technical feasibility of battery and flywheel hybrid energy storage systems in autonomous projects," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 39(1), pages 149-153.
    31. Bekele, Getachew & Tadesse, Getnet, 2012. "Feasibility study of small Hydro/PV/Wind hybrid system for off-grid rural electrification in Ethiopia," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 5-15.
    32. Sawle, Yashwant & Gupta, S.C. & Bohre, Aashish Kumar, 2018. "Socio-techno-economic design of hybrid renewable energy system using optimization techniques," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 119(C), pages 459-472.
    33. Ma, Tao & Yang, Hongxing & Lu, Lin & Peng, Jinqing, 2015. "Optimal design of an autonomous solar–wind-pumped storage power supply system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 160(C), pages 728-736.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Sarah Barrows & Kendall Mongird & Brian Naughton & Rachid Darbali-Zamora, 2021. "Valuation of Distributed Wind in an Isolated System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-20, October.
    2. Pinto, Edwin S. & Gronier, Timothé & Franquet, Erwin & Serra, Luis M., 2023. "Opportunities and economic assessment for a third-party delivering electricity, heat and cold to residential buildings," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 272(C).
    3. He, Wei & Tao, Li & Han, Lei & Sun, Yasong & Campana, Pietro Elia & Yan, Jinyue, 2021. "Optimal analysis of a hybrid renewable power system for a remote island," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 96-104.
    4. Meng Shao & Shulei Zhang & Jinwei Sun & Zhixin Han & Zhuxiao Shao & Chuanxiu Yi, 2022. "GIS-MCDM-Based Approach to Site Selection of Wave Power Plants for Islands in China," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-24, June.
    5. Chong, Shijia & Wu, Jing & Chang, I-Shin, 2024. "Cost accounting and economic competitiveness evaluation of photovoltaic power generation in China —— based on the system levelized cost of electricity," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 222(C).
    6. Liu, Jia & Chen, Xi & Yang, Hongxing & Shan, Kui, 2021. "Hybrid renewable energy applications in zero-energy buildings and communities integrating battery and hydrogen vehicle storage," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 290(C).
    7. Jann Michael Weinand & Maximilian Hoffmann & Jan Gopfert & Tom Terlouw & Julian Schonau & Patrick Kuckertz & Russell McKenna & Leander Kotzur & Jochen Lin{ss}en & Detlef Stolten, 2022. "Global LCOEs of decentralized off-grid renewable energy systems," Papers 2212.12742, arXiv.org, revised Mar 2023.
    8. Donovin D. Lewis & Aron Patrick & Evan S. Jones & Rosemary E. Alden & Abdullah Al Hadi & Malcolm D. McCulloch & Dan M. Ionel, 2023. "Decarbonization Analysis for Thermal Generation and Regionally Integrated Large-Scale Renewables Based on Minutely Optimal Dispatch with a Kentucky Case Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-23, February.
    9. Javed, Muhammad Shahzad & Jurasz, Jakub & Dąbek, Paweł Bronisław & Ma, Tao & Jadwiszczak, Piotr & Niemierka, Elżbieta, 2023. "Green manufacturing facilities – Meeting CO2 emission targets considering power and heat supply," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 350(C).
    10. Ma, Tao & Zhang, Yijie & Gu, Wenbo & Xiao, Gang & Yang, Hongxing & Wang, Shuxiao, 2022. "Strategy comparison and techno-economic evaluation of a grid-connected photovoltaic-battery system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 197(C), pages 1049-1060.
    11. Ibrahim Yilmaz, 2023. "A Hybrid DEA–Fuzzy COPRAS Approach to the Evaluation of Renewable Energy: A Case of Wind Farms in Turkey," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-18, July.
    12. Zhang, Yijie & Ma, Tao & Yang, Hongxing, 2022. "Grid-connected photovoltaic battery systems: A comprehensive review and perspectives," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 328(C).
    13. Das, Barun K. & Al-Abdeli, Yasir M. & Kothapalli, Ganesh, 2021. "Integrating renewables into stand-alone hybrid systems meeting electric, heating, and cooling loads: A case study," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 180(C), pages 1222-1236.
    14. Mahfoud, Rabea Jamil & Alkayem, Nizar Faisal & Zhang, Yuquan & Zheng, Yuan & Sun, Yonghui & Alhelou, Hassan Haes, 2023. "Optimal operation of pumped hydro storage-based energy systems: A compendium of current challenges and future perspectives," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 178(C).
    15. Feio, Andrey Dias & da Silva, Flávio Castro & Teixeira, Marcos Alexandre & Lopes Maria, Ana Caroline & da Silva, Gabriel Brazo Sabino, 2024. "Viability of renewable energy integration in isolated systems in Brazil – A case study at Trindade Island (Espírito Santo, Brazil)," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 222(C).
    16. Yirga Belay Muna & Cheng-Chien Kuo, 2022. "Feasibility and Techno-Economic Analysis of Electric Vehicle Charging of PV/Wind/Diesel/Battery Hybrid Energy System with Different Battery Technology," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-20, June.
    17. Gronier, Timothé & Fitó, Jaume & Franquet, Erwin & Gibout, Stéphane & Ramousse, Julien, 2022. "Iterative sizing of solar-assisted mixed district heating network and local electrical grid integrating demand-side management," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(PA).
    18. Zhang, Lihui & Li, Songrui & Nie, Qingyun & Hu, Yitang, 2022. "A two-stage benefit optimization and multi-participant benefit-sharing strategy for hybrid renewable energy systems in rural areas under carbon trading," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C), pages 744-761.
    19. Javed, Muhammad Shahzad & Ma, Tao & Jurasz, Jakub & Mikulik, Jerzy, 2021. "A hybrid method for scenario-based techno-economic-environmental analysis of off-grid renewable energy systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 139(C).
    20. He, YongXiu & Liu, Yang & Li, MoXing & Zhang, Yan, 2022. "Benefit evaluation and mechanism design of pumped storage plants under the background of power market reform - A case study of China," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 191(C), pages 796-806.
    21. Muhammed Y. Worku, 2022. "Recent Advances in Energy Storage Systems for Renewable Source Grid Integration: A Comprehensive Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-18, May.
    22. Ahmad Alzahrani, 2023. "Energy Management and Optimization of a Standalone Renewable Energy System in Rural Areas of the Najran Province," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-16, May.
    23. Demirci, Alpaslan & Akar, Onur & Ozturk, Zafer, 2022. "Technical-environmental-economic evaluation of biomass-based hybrid power system with energy storage for rural electrification," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 195(C), pages 1202-1217.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Javed, Muhammad Shahzad & Ma, Tao & Jurasz, Jakub & Amin, Muhammad Yasir, 2020. "Solar and wind power generation systems with pumped hydro storage: Review and future perspectives," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 148(C), pages 176-192.
    2. Javed, Muhammad Shahzad & Zhong, Dan & Ma, Tao & Song, Aotian & Ahmed, Salman, 2020. "Hybrid pumped hydro and battery storage for renewable energy based power supply system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 257(C).
    3. Mahfoud, Rabea Jamil & Alkayem, Nizar Faisal & Zhang, Yuquan & Zheng, Yuan & Sun, Yonghui & Alhelou, Hassan Haes, 2023. "Optimal operation of pumped hydro storage-based energy systems: A compendium of current challenges and future perspectives," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 178(C).
    4. Javed, Muhammad Shahzad & Ma, Tao & Jurasz, Jakub & Ahmed, Salman & Mikulik, Jerzy, 2020. "Performance comparison of heuristic algorithms for optimization of hybrid off-grid renewable energy systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 210(C).
    5. Javed, Muhammad Shahzad & Ma, Tao & Jurasz, Jakub & Mikulik, Jerzy, 2021. "A hybrid method for scenario-based techno-economic-environmental analysis of off-grid renewable energy systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 139(C).
    6. Mensah, Johnson Herlich Roslee & Santos, Ivan Felipe Silva dos & Raimundo, Danielle Rodrigues & Costa de Oliveira Botan, Maria Cláudia & Barros, Regina Mambeli & Tiago Filho, Geraldo Lucio, 2022. "Energy and economic study of using Pumped Hydropower Storage with renewable resources to recover the Furnas reservoir," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 199(C), pages 320-334.
    7. Zhang, Ziyu & Ding, Tao & Zhou, Quan & Sun, Yuge & Qu, Ming & Zeng, Ziyu & Ju, Yuntao & Li, Li & Wang, Kang & Chi, Fangde, 2021. "A review of technologies and applications on versatile energy storage systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 148(C).
    8. Fahd A. Alturki & Emad Mahrous Awwad, 2021. "Sizing and Cost Minimization of Standalone Hybrid WT/PV/Biomass/Pump-Hydro Storage-Based Energy Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(2), pages 1-20, January.
    9. Jacob, Ammu Susanna & Banerjee, Rangan & Ghosh, Prakash C., 2018. "Sizing of hybrid energy storage system for a PV based microgrid through design space approach," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 212(C), pages 640-653.
    10. Jakub Jurasz & Alexander Kies, 2018. "Day-Ahead Probabilistic Model for Scheduling the Operation of a Wind Pumped-Storage Hybrid Power Station: Overcoming Forecasting Errors to Ensure Reliability of Supply to the Grid," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(6), pages 1-21, June.
    11. Weinand, Jann Michael & Scheller, Fabian & McKenna, Russell, 2020. "Reviewing energy system modelling of decentralized energy autonomy," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 203(C).
    12. Abdelshafy, Alaaeldin M. & Jurasz, Jakub & Hassan, Hamdy & Mohamed, Abdelfatah M., 2020. "Optimized energy management strategy for grid connected double storage (pumped storage-battery) system powered by renewable energy resources," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 192(C).
    13. Shabani, Masoume & Dahlquist, Erik & Wallin, Fredrik & Yan, Jinyue, 2020. "Techno-economic comparison of optimal design of renewable-battery storage and renewable micro pumped hydro storage power supply systems: A case study in Sweden," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 279(C).
    14. Shabani, Masoume & Mahmoudimehr, Javad, 2019. "Influence of climatological data records on design of a standalone hybrid PV-hydroelectric power system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 181-194.
    15. Wang, Gang & Zhang, Zhen & Lin, Jianqing, 2024. "Multi-energy complementary power systems based on solar energy: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 199(C).
    16. Jurasz, Jakub & Dąbek, Paweł B. & Kaźmierczak, Bartosz & Kies, Alexander & Wdowikowski, Marcin, 2018. "Large scale complementary solar and wind energy sources coupled with pumped-storage hydroelectricity for Lower Silesia (Poland)," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 161(C), pages 183-192.
    17. Solomon, A.A. & Kammen, Daniel M. & Callaway, D., 2016. "Investigating the impact of wind–solar complementarities on energy storage requirement and the corresponding supply reliability criteria," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 168(C), pages 130-145.
    18. William López-Castrillón & Héctor H. Sepúlveda & Cristian Mattar, 2021. "Off-Grid Hybrid Electrical Generation Systems in Remote Communities: Trends and Characteristics in Sustainability Solutions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-29, May.
    19. Thirunavukkarasu, M. & Sawle, Yashwant & Lala, Himadri, 2023. "A comprehensive review on optimization of hybrid renewable energy systems using various optimization techniques," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 176(C).
    20. He, Yi & Guo, Su & Zhou, Jianxu & Ye, Jilei & Huang, Jing & Zheng, Kun & Du, Xinru, 2022. "Multi-objective planning-operation co-optimization of renewable energy system with hybrid energy storages," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 184(C), pages 776-790.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:164:y:2021:i:c:p:1376-1394. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/renewable-energy .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.