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Carica papaya stem: A source of versatile heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production and C–C bond formation

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  • Gohain, Minakshi
  • Laskar, Khairujjaman
  • Paul, Atanu Kumar
  • Daimary, Niran
  • Maharana, Mrutyunjay
  • Goswami, Imon Kalyan
  • Hazarika, Anil
  • Bora, Utpal
  • Deka, Dhanapati

Abstract

Development of solid mixed oxide catalyst from waste biomass is a scarcely studied area. Thus, present protocol aims to prepare an environmentally friendly, efficient, renewable and recyclable heterogeneous base catalyst from Carica papaya stem. The chemical and structural properties of the catalyst were examined by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffractograms (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis. The CO2-TPD and Hammett indicator test was conducted to determine the basicity of the prepared catalyst. The study revealed the presence of alkali and alkaline earth metals that provide the basic sites to facilitate transesterification reaction for biodiesel production and formation of benzylidenemalononitrile (BMN). The conversion of the waste cooking oil (WO) and Scenedesmus obliquus (SO) lipid to biodiesel was confirmed by the NMR and Gas chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) technique. Biodiesel conversions of 95.23% and 93.33% were achieved using 2 wt % catalyst loading under optimized reaction conditions for WO and SO respectively. Reusing the catalyst showed a slight drop in activity after 6 repeated uses. The reported catalyst has shown its potential as an alternative and cheaper green solid catalyst for biodiesel production and Knoevenagel reaction.

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  • Gohain, Minakshi & Laskar, Khairujjaman & Paul, Atanu Kumar & Daimary, Niran & Maharana, Mrutyunjay & Goswami, Imon Kalyan & Hazarika, Anil & Bora, Utpal & Deka, Dhanapati, 2020. "Carica papaya stem: A source of versatile heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production and C–C bond formation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 147(P1), pages 541-555.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:147:y:2020:i:p1:p:541-555
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2019.09.016
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    1. Teo, Siow Hwa & Islam, Aminul & Yusaf, Talal & Taufiq-Yap, Yun Hin, 2014. "Transesterification of Nannochloropsis oculata microalga's oil to biodiesel using calcium methoxide catalyst," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 63-71.
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    1. Daimary, Niran & Boruah, Pankaj & Eldiehy, Khalifa S.H. & Pegu, Tapan & Bardhan, Pritam & Bora, Utpal & Mandal, Manabendra & Deka, Dhanapati, 2022. "Musa acuminata peel: A bioresource for bio-oil and by-product utilization as a sustainable source of renewable green catalyst for biodiesel production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 187(C), pages 450-462.
    2. Olatundun, Esther Adedayo & Borokini, Omowumi Oluwatumininu & Betiku, Eriola, 2020. "Cocoa pod husk-plantain peel blend as a novel green heterogeneous catalyst for renewable and sustainable honne oil biodiesel synthesis: A case of biowastes-to-wealth," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 166(C), pages 163-175.
    3. Babatunde Oladipo & Tunde V Ojumu & Lekan M Latinwo & Eriola Betiku, 2020. "Pawpaw ( Carica papaya ) Peel Waste as a Novel Green Heterogeneous Catalyst for Moringa Oil Methyl Esters Synthesis: Process Optimization and Kinetic Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-25, November.
    4. Eldiehy, Khalifa S.H. & Gohain, Minakshi & Daimary, Niran & Borah, Doljit & Mandal, Manabendra & Deka, Dhanapati, 2022. "Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) leaves: A novel source for a highly efficient heterogeneous base catalyst for biodiesel production using waste soybean cooking oil and Scenedesmus obliquus oil," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 191(C), pages 888-901.
    5. Gohain, Minakshi & Bardhan, Pritam & Laskar, Khairujjaman & Sarmah, Saswati & Mandal, Manabendra & Bora, Utpal & Chandra Kalita, Mohan & Goud, Vaibhav Vasant & Deka, Dhanapati, 2020. "Rhodotorula mucilaginosa: A source of heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production from yeast single cell oil and waste cooking oil," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 160(C), pages 220-230.
    6. Leesing, Ratanaporn & Siwina, Siraprapha & Fiala, Khanittha, 2021. "Yeast-based biodiesel production using sulfonated carbon-based solid acid catalyst by an integrated biorefinery of durian peel waste," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 171(C), pages 647-657.

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