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The multilevel cycle of anthropogenic lead

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  • Mao, J.S.
  • Dong, Jaimee
  • Graedel, T.E.

Abstract

Comprehensive annual cycles for flows of lead in 2000, based on statistical data and incorporating information on lead production, fabrication & manufacture of products, use, and discard management, were characterized at three discrete geographical levels: 52 countries, 8 regions and the world as a whole. Among the most interesting results are the following: (1) worldwide, aboust 3500Gg Pb was extracted from the lithosphere and around 2840Gg Pb was discharged into the environmental repositories; (2) about 3500Gg Pb was recycled in 2000; (3) approximately, 11% of the lead entering the Use phase accumulated as in-use stock; (4) around two-thirds of the lead entering global Waste Management & Recycling was returned to production for recycling, although this ratio varies among regions and countries; (5) lead ore was mainly extracted in Asia, North America and Oceania, and lead products were chiefly used in North America, followed by Europe and Asia; (6) lead emissions mainly occurred in Asia, followed by North America and Europe. These results provide a framework for complementary studies in lead resources, energy use, lead discard management, and environmental implications.

Suggested Citation

  • Mao, J.S. & Dong, Jaimee & Graedel, T.E., 2008. "The multilevel cycle of anthropogenic lead," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 52(8), pages 1050-1057.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:recore:v:52:y:2008:i:8:p:1050-1057
    DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2008.04.005
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Robert Socolow & Valerie Thomas, 1997. "The Industrial Ecology of Lead and Electric Vehicles," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 1(1), pages 13-36, January.
    2. T. E. Graedel & Dick van Beers & Marlen Bertram & Kensuke Fuse & Robert B. Gordon & Alexander Gritsinin & Ermelinda M. Harper & Amit Kapur & Robert J. Klee & Reid Lifset & Laiq Memon & Sabrina Spatari, 2005. "The Multilevel Cycle of Anthropogenic Zinc," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 9(3), pages 67-90, July.
    3. Jiansu Mao & Zhongwu LU & Zhifeng Yang, 2006. "The Eco‐efficiency of Lead in China's Lead‐Acid Battery System," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 10(1‐2), pages 185-197, January.
    4. Sten Karlsson, 1999. "Closing the Technospheric Flows of Toxic Metals: Modeling Lead Losses from a Lead‐Acid Battery System for Sweden," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 3(1), pages 23-40, January.
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    Cited by:

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    2. Lee, Chia-ho & Chen, Pi-cheng & Ma, Hwong-wen, 2012. "Direct and indirect lead-containing waste discharge in the electrical and electronic supply chain," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 29-35.
    3. Christoph Helbig & Yasushi Kondo & Shinichiro Nakamura, 2022. "Simultaneously tracing the fate of seven metals at a global level with MaTrace‐multi," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 26(3), pages 923-936, June.
    4. Zhiyong Zhou & Jianhui Huang & Ming Li & Yao Lu, 2022. "The Dynamic Evolution of the Material Flow of Lithium Resources in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(24), pages 1-19, December.
    5. Petr Bača & Petr Vanýsek, 2023. "Issues Concerning Manufacture and Recycling of Lead," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(11), pages 1-20, June.
    6. Mao, J.S. & Dong, Jaimee & Graedel, T.E., 2008. "The multilevel cycle of anthropogenic lead," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 52(8), pages 1058-1064.

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