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Issues Concerning Manufacture and Recycling of Lead

Author

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  • Petr Bača

    (The Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communications, Brno University of Technology, Technická 3058/10, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic)

  • Petr Vanýsek

    (The Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communications, Brno University of Technology, Technická 3058/10, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic)

Abstract

This article gives an overview of historical and present uses of lead against the backdrop of gradual realization that lead is an environmental hazard. In this paper the lead in the lead-acid batteries is investigated from the view of its present use. This use continues because there does not exist economical and practical alternative to lead for this purpose. In fact the use is still steadily increasing. This may not be a concern as it has been demonstrated that in countries with strong economies, recycling of lead from the batteries can near 100%. Here, we take a look at reality, by comparing select countries on both sides of the economic spectrum. In poorer countries, recycling suffers more on the safe and clean side of the process. Historical uses of lead are also reviewed, as well as a new approach of using lead compounds in soluble lead flow batteries.

Suggested Citation

  • Petr Bača & Petr Vanýsek, 2023. "Issues Concerning Manufacture and Recycling of Lead," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(11), pages 1-20, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:11:p:4468-:d:1161652
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Nickolay I. Shchurov & Sergey I. Dedov & Boris V. Malozyomov & Alexander A. Shtang & Nikita V. Martyushev & Roman V. Klyuev & Sergey N. Andriashin, 2021. "Degradation of Lithium-Ion Batteries in an Electric Transport Complex," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-33, December.
    2. Liu, Wenqiu & Liu, He & Liu, Wei & Cui, Zhaojie, 2021. "Life cycle assessment of power batteries used in electric bicycles in China," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 139(C).
    3. Gottesfeld, P., 2017. "The lead battery: A growing global public health challenge," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 107(7), pages 1049-1050.
    4. Mao, J.S. & Dong, Jaimee & Graedel, T.E., 2008. "The multilevel cycle of anthropogenic lead," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 52(8), pages 1058-1064.
    5. Mao, J.S. & Dong, Jaimee & Graedel, T.E., 2008. "The multilevel cycle of anthropogenic lead," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 52(8), pages 1050-1057.
    6. Hilary A. Sigman, 1995. "A Comparison of Public Policies for Lead Recycling," RAND Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation, vol. 26(3), pages 452-478, Autumn.
    7. repec:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/ajph.2017.303836_8 is not listed on IDEAS
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