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Understanding drivers of private-sector compliance to large-scale food fortification: A case study on edible oil value chains in Bangladesh

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  • Ebata, Ayako
  • Thorpe, Jodie
  • Islam, Ainee
  • Sultana, Sabiha
  • Mbuya, Mduduzi N.N.

Abstract

Micronutrient deficiency is a pertinent global challenge that affects billions of people and has deleterious health effects. Large-scale food fortification (LSFF) is a cost- effective way to tackle micronutrient deficiency and improve health outcomes, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, the success of LSFF in LMICs is often hampered by limited compliance with fortification mandates by the private sector, who supply fortified foods. In this paper, we use a case study of the edible oil produced in Bangladesh to analyze the factors facilitating and impeding this compliance by for-profit actors. We identified four bottlenecks that disincentivize private sector actors’ decision to comply. First, fortified and non-fortified products co-exist in the market, disincentivizing producers to invest in fortification. Second, the lack of traceability reduces the risk for large-scale producers’ non-compliance with the regulation. Third, small-scale producers face economic pressures that prevent them from adequately fortifying oil products. Lastly, law enforcement is currently inconsistent, allowing the supply of under-fortified oil in the market. Given the evidence, we recommend to strengthen the control of bulk item fortification through more frequent and rigorous surveillance at the production level. This will ensure that resource constrained consumers who also have the greatest potential to benefit from added nutrients, remain able to access affordable and nutrient-enriched food.

Suggested Citation

  • Ebata, Ayako & Thorpe, Jodie & Islam, Ainee & Sultana, Sabiha & Mbuya, Mduduzi N.N., 2021. "Understanding drivers of private-sector compliance to large-scale food fortification: A case study on edible oil value chains in Bangladesh," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 104(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jfpoli:v:104:y:2021:i:c:s0306919221001068
    DOI: 10.1016/j.foodpol.2021.102127
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Bishai, David & Nalubola, Ritu, 2002. "The History of Food Fortification in the United States: Its Relevance for Current Fortification Efforts in Developing Countries," Economic Development and Cultural Change, University of Chicago Press, vol. 51(1), pages 37-53, October.
    2. Ayako Ebata & Hayley MacGregor & Michael Loevinsohn & Khine Su Win & Alexander W. Tucker, 2020. "Value Chain Governance, Power and Negative Externalities: What Influences Efforts to Control Pig Diseases in Myanmar?," The European Journal of Development Research, Palgrave Macmillan;European Association of Development Research and Training Institutes (EADI), vol. 32(3), pages 759-780, July.
    3. Maestre, Mar & Poole, Nigel & Henson, Spencer, 2017. "Assessing food value chain pathways, linkages and impacts for better nutrition of vulnerable groups," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 31-39.
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