IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/jeeman/v124y2024ics009506962400010x.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Do residential property assessed clean energy (PACE) financing programs affect local house price growth?

Author

Listed:
  • Millar, Melanie I.
  • White, Roger M.

Abstract

The objective of residential Property Assessed Clean Energy (PACE) programs is to increase environmentally friendly home renovations, like solar panel installations, for private residences by making financing more readily available. Local governments use municipal bond proceeds to finance PACE loans that are secured via a property tax lien on the affected residence and repaid through temporarily higher property taxes. Critics allege that these programs can stymy housing markets through lien-related risks that discourage buyers and lenders. Using data from Florida, we find support for these claims. Our analysis suggests that PACE program rollouts predict fewer home sales and weaker house price appreciation. We investigate the channel for these results and observe that mortgage lenders are less likely to approve loan applications in areas after local PACE programs are introduced. This even occurs for homes without PACE liens, which discourages housing market liquidity and drives down housing market returns. Our results emphasize the need for thoughtful policy design and implementation to avoid unintended, negative consequences of well-intentioned sustainability programs.

Suggested Citation

  • Millar, Melanie I. & White, Roger M., 2024. "Do residential property assessed clean energy (PACE) financing programs affect local house price growth?," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 124(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jeeman:v:124:y:2024:i:c:s009506962400010x
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2024.102936
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009506962400010X
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.jeem.2024.102936?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Eli Beracha & ZhaoZhao He & M. Babajide Wintoki & Yaoyi Xi, 2022. "On the Relation between Innovation and Housing Prices – A Metro Level Analysis of the US Market," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 65(4), pages 622-648, November.
    2. Kirkpatrick, A. Justin & Bennear, Lori S., 2014. "Promoting clean energy investment: An empirical analysis of property assessed clean energy," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 68(2), pages 357-375.
    3. Xun Bian & Raymond Brastow & Bennie Waller & Scott Wentland, 2021. "Foreclosure Externalities and Home Liquidity," Real Estate Economics, American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association, vol. 49(3), pages 876-916, September.
    4. Lucas W. Davis, 2008. "The Effect of Driving Restrictions on Air Quality in Mexico City," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 116(1), pages 38-81, February.
    5. repec:hal:spmain:info:hdl:2441/5qjpn9qdt4886rqeks8p6b6t11 is not listed on IDEAS
    6. Goulder, Lawrence H. & Hafstead, Marc A.C. & Kim, GyuRim & Long, Xianling, 2019. "Impacts of a carbon tax across US household income groups: What are the equity-efficiency trade-offs?," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 175(C), pages 44-64.
    7. Reichert, Alan K, 1990. "The Impact of Interest Rates, Income, and Employment upon Regional Housing Prices," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 3(4), pages 373-391, December.
    8. Alberto Abadie & Susan Athey & Guido W Imbens & Jeffrey M Wooldridge, 2023. "When Should You Adjust Standard Errors for Clustering?," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 138(1), pages 1-35.
    9. Jonathan E. Hughes & Molly Podolefsky, 2015. "Getting Green with Solar Subsidies: Evidence from the California Solar Initiative," Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, University of Chicago Press, vol. 2(2), pages 235-275.
    10. Lynn M. Fisher & Lauren Lambie-Hanson & Paul Willen, 2015. "The Role of Proximity in Foreclosure Externalities: Evidence from Condominiums," American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, American Economic Association, vol. 7(1), pages 119-140, February.
    11. Essi Eerola & Niku Maattanen, 2018. "Borrowing constraints and housing market liquidity," Review of Economic Dynamics, Elsevier for the Society for Economic Dynamics, vol. 27, pages 184-204, January.
    12. Adelino, Manuel & Schoar, Antoinette & Severino, Felipe, 2015. "House prices, collateral, and self-employment," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 117(2), pages 288-306.
    13. Houde, Sebastien & Aldy, Joseph E., 2014. "Belt and Suspenders and More: The Incremental Impact of Energy Efficiency Subsidies in the Presence of Existing Policy Instruments," Working Paper Series rwp14-046, Harvard University, John F. Kennedy School of Government.
    14. Jin-Hyuk Kim & Tin Cheuk Leung & Liad Wagman, 2017. "Can Restricting Property Use Be Value Enhancing? Evidence from Short-Term Rental Regulation," Journal of Law and Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 60(2), pages 309-334.
    15. Andrew, Jane & Kaidonis, Mary A. & Andrew, Brian, 2010. "Carbon tax: Challenging neoliberal solutions to climate change," CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON ACCOUNTING, Elsevier, vol. 21(7), pages 611-618.
    16. Myers, Erica & Souza, Mateus, 2020. "Social comparison nudges without monetary incentives: Evidence from home energy reports," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 101(C).
    17. Christensen, Peter & Francisco, Paul & Myers, Erica & Shao, Hansen & Souza, Mateus, 2024. "Energy efficiency can deliver for climate policy: Evidence from machine learning-based targeting," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 234(C).
    18. Do, A. Quang & Sirmans, C. F., 1994. "Residential Property Tax Capitalization: Discount Rate Evidence From California," National Tax Journal, National Tax Association;National Tax Journal, vol. 47(2), pages 341-348, June.
    19. repec:hal:spmain:info:hdl:2441/6ka8i7k76r83u9an5s6phimuh3 is not listed on IDEAS
    20. repec:bla:jfinan:v:53:y:1998:i:5:p:1775-1798 is not listed on IDEAS
    21. Vigdor, Jacob L., 2006. "Liquidity constraints and housing prices: Theory and evidence from the VA Mortgage Program," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 90(8-9), pages 1579-1600, September.
    22. Cook, Allan, 2009. "Emission rights: From costless activity to market operations," Accounting, Organizations and Society, Elsevier, vol. 34(3-4), pages 456-468, April.
    23. Hail, Luzi & Sikes, Stephanie & Wang, Clare, 2017. "Cross-country evidence on the relation between capital gains taxes, risk, and expected returns," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 151(C), pages 56-73.
    24. Oliviero, Tommaso & Scognamiglio, Annalisa, 2019. "Property tax and property values: Evidence from the 2012 Italian tax reform," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 227-251.
    25. Severin Borenstein & Lucas W. Davis, 2016. "The Distributional Effects of US Clean Energy Tax Credits," Tax Policy and the Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 30(1), pages 191-234.
    26. Do, A. Quang & Sirmans, C. F., 1994. "Residential Property Tax Capitalization: Discount Rate Evidence from California," National Tax Journal, National Tax Association, vol. 47(2), pages 341-48, June.
    27. Elroy Dimson & Bernd Hanke, 2004. "The Expected Illiquidity Premium: Evidence from Equity Index-Linked Bonds," Review of Finance, European Finance Association, vol. 8(1), pages 19-47.
    28. Gerardi, Kristopher & Rosenblatt, Eric & Willen, Paul S. & Yao, Vincent, 2015. "Foreclosure externalities: New evidence," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 42-56.
    29. Lee, Hyojung & Bostic, Raphael W., 2020. "Bank adaptation to neighborhood change: Mortgage lending and the Community Reinvestment Act," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 116(C).
    30. Byron Lutz, 2015. "Quasi-Experimental Evidence on the Connection between Property Taxes and Residential Capital Investment," American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, American Economic Association, vol. 7(1), pages 300-330, February.
    31. William H. Rogers & William Winter, 2009. "The Impact of Foreclosures on Neighboring Housing Sales," Journal of Real Estate Research, American Real Estate Society, vol. 31(4), pages 455-480.
    32. Jeannine Bailliu & Katya Kartashova & Césaire Meh, 2011. "Household Borrowing and Spending in Canada," Bank of Canada Review, Bank of Canada, vol. 2011(Winter), pages 16-29.
    33. Man, Joyce Y. & Bell, Michael E., 1996. "The Impact of Local Sales Tax on the Value of Owner-Occupied Housing," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 39(1), pages 114-131, January.
    34. Brady, Ryan R., 2014. "The spatial diffusion of regional housing prices across U.S. states," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 46(C), pages 150-166.
    35. Julie Anne Cronin & Don Fullerton & Steven Sexton, 2019. "Vertical and Horizontal Redistributions from a Carbon Tax and Rebate," Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, University of Chicago Press, vol. 6(S1), pages 169-208.
    36. Michael Carlos Best & Henrik Jacobsen Kleven, 2018. "Housing Market Responses to Transaction Taxes: Evidence From Notches and Stimulus in the U.K," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 85(1), pages 157-193.
    37. Deiana, Claudio & Geraci, Andrea, 2021. "Are wind turbines a mafia windfall? The unintended consequences of green incentives," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 89(C).
    38. Charles R. Shipan & Craig Volden, 2008. "The Mechanisms of Policy Diffusion," American Journal of Political Science, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 52(4), pages 840-857, October.
    39. Jacob, Marcus & Jacob, Martin, 2013. "Taxation, Dividends, and Share Repurchases: Taking Evidence Global," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 48(4), pages 1241-1269, August.
    40. Callaway, Brantly & Sant’Anna, Pedro H.C., 2021. "Difference-in-Differences with multiple time periods," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 225(2), pages 200-230.
    41. Sébastien Houde & Joseph E. Aldy, 2017. "Consumers' Response to State Energy Efficient Appliance Rebate Programs," American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, American Economic Association, vol. 9(4), pages 227-255, November.
    42. Chris Bruegge & Tatyana Deryugina & Erica Myers, 2019. "The Distributional Effects of Building Energy Codes," Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, University of Chicago Press, vol. 6(S1), pages 95-127.
    43. Sebastien Houde, Annika Todd, Anant Sudarshan, June A. Flora , and K. Carrie Armel, 2013. "Real-time Feedback and Electricity Consumption: A Field Experiment Assessing the Potential for Savings and Persistence," The Energy Journal, International Association for Energy Economics, vol. 0(Number 1).
    44. Giang Ho & Anthony Pennington-Cross, 2007. "The varying effects of predatory lending laws on high-cost mortgage applications," Review, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, vol. 89(Jan), pages 39-60.
    45. Lea Cassar & Stephan Meier, 2021. "Intentions for Doing Good Matter for Doing Well: The Negative Effects of Prosocial Incentives," The Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 131(637), pages 1988-2017.
    46. Neil Bhutta, 2011. "The Community Reinvestment Act and Mortgage Lending to Lower Income Borrowers and Neighborhoods," Journal of Law and Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 54(4), pages 953-983.
    47. Turan G. Bali & Lin Peng & Yannan Shen & Yi Tang, 2014. "Liquidity Shocks and Stock Market Reactions," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 27(5), pages 1434-1485.
    48. Martin Jacob & Roni Michaely, 2017. "Taxation and Dividend Policy: The Muting Effect of Agency Issues and Shareholder Conflicts," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 30(9), pages 3176-3222.
    49. Millar, Melanie I. & Shohfi, Thomas D. & Snow, Mason C. & White, Roger M., 2024. "Do green business practices license self-dealing or prime prosociality? Cross-domain evidence from environmental concern triggers," Accounting, Organizations and Society, Elsevier, vol. 113(C).
    50. Ameli, Nadia & Pisu, Mauro & Kammen, Daniel M., 2017. "Can the US keep the PACE? A natural experiment in accelerating the growth of solar electricity," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 191(C), pages 163-169.
    51. Goodman-Bacon, Andrew, 2021. "Difference-in-differences with variation in treatment timing," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 225(2), pages 254-277.
    52. Nadauld, Taylor D. & Sherlund, Shane M., 2013. "The impact of securitization on the expansion of subprime credit," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 107(2), pages 454-476.
    53. Chadi S. Abdallah & William D. Lastrapes, 2012. "Home Equity Lending and Retail Spending: Evidence from a Natural Experiment in Texas," American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, American Economic Association, vol. 4(4), pages 94-125, October.
    54. Luzi Hail & Stephanie Sikes & Clare Wang, 2017. "Cross-Country Evidence on the Relation between Capital Gains Taxes, Risk, and Expected Returns," NBER Chapters, in: Personal Income Taxation and Household Behavior (TAPES), National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    55. Nasser Daneshvary & Terrence Clauretie & Ahmad Kader, 2011. "Short-Term Own-Price and Spillover Effects of Distressed Residential Properties: The Case of a Housing Crash," Journal of Real Estate Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 33(2), pages 179-208, January.
    56. Sun, Liyang & Abraham, Sarah, 2021. "Estimating dynamic treatment effects in event studies with heterogeneous treatment effects," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 225(2), pages 175-199.
    57. Edward L. Glaeser & Hyunjin Kim & Michael Luca, 2018. "Nowcasting Gentrification: Using Yelp Data to Quantify Neighborhood Change," AEA Papers and Proceedings, American Economic Association, vol. 108, pages 77-82, May.
    58. William Rogers & William Winter, 2009. "The Impact of Foreclosures on Neighboring Housing Sales," Journal of Real Estate Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 31(4), pages 455-480, January.
    59. K. W. Chau & Lennon H. T. Choy, 2011. "Let the Buyer or Seller Beware: Measuring Lemons in the Housing Market under Different Doctrines of Law Governing Transactions and Information," Journal of Law and Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 54(S4), pages 347-365.
    60. Sebastien Houde & Annika Todd & Anant Sudarshan & June A. Flora & K. Carrie Armel, 2013. "Real-time Feedback and Electricity Consumption: A Field Experiment Assessing the Potential for Savings and Persistence," The Energy Journal, , vol. 34(1), pages 87-102, January.
    61. Martin Jacob & Harm H. Schütt, 2020. "Firm Valuation and the Uncertainty of Future Tax Avoidance," European Accounting Review, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 29(3), pages 409-435, May.
    62. Baker, Andrew C. & Larcker, David F. & Wang, Charles C.Y., 2022. "How much should we trust staggered difference-in-differences estimates?," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 144(2), pages 370-395.
    63. Albuquerque, Rui & Song, Shiyun & Yao, Chen, 2020. "The price effects of liquidity shocks: A study of the SEC’s tick size experiment," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 138(3), pages 700-724.
    64. Sumit Agarwal & Wenlan Qian, 2017. "Access to Home Equity and Consumption: Evidence from a Policy Experiment," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 99(1), pages 40-52, March.
    65. Dan S. Dhaliwal & Merle M. Erickson & Oliver Zhen Li, 2005. "Shareholder Income Taxes and the Relation between Earnings and Returns," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 22(3), pages 587-616, September.
    66. Rose, Adam & Wei, Dan, 2020. "Impacts of the Property Assessed Clean Energy (PACE) program on the economy of California," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 137(C).
    67. Dee, Thomas S, 2000. "The Capitalization of Education Finance Reforms," Journal of Law and Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 43(1), pages 185-214, April.
    68. Whitaker, Stephan & Fitzpatrick IV, Thomas J., 2013. "Deconstructing distressed-property spillovers: The effects of vacant, tax-delinquent, and foreclosed properties in housing submarkets," Journal of Housing Economics, Elsevier, vol. 22(2), pages 79-91.
    69. John A. List & Fatemeh Momeni, 2021. "When Corporate Social Responsibility Backfires: Evidence from a Natural Field Experiment," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 67(1), pages 8-21, January.
    70. Bradbury, Katharine L. & Mayer, Christopher J. & Case, Karl E., 2001. "Property tax limits, local fiscal behavior, and property values: evidence from Massachusetts under Proposition," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 80(2), pages 287-311, May.
    71. MacKenzie, Donald, 2009. "Making things the same: Gases, emission rights and the politics of carbon markets," Accounting, Organizations and Society, Elsevier, vol. 34(3-4), pages 440-455, April.
    72. Oded Palmon & Baron A. Smith, 1998. "New Evidence on Property Tax Capitalization," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 106(5), pages 1099-1128, October.
    73. Clot, Sophie & Grolleau, Gilles & Ibanez, Lisette, 2014. "Smug Alert! Exploring self-licensing behavior in a cheating game," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 123(2), pages 191-194.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Francis Wong, 2024. "Taxing Homeowners Who Won’t Borrow," CESifo Working Paper Series 11185, CESifo.
    2. Georgic, Will & Klaiber, H. Allen, 2022. "Stocks, flows, and flood insurance: A nationwide analysis of the capitalized impact of annual premium discounts on housing values," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 111(C).
    3. Brehm, Johannes & Pestel, Nico & Schaffner, Sandra & Schmitz, Laura, 2022. "From low emission zone to academic track: Environmental policy effects on educational achievement in elementary school," Ruhr Economic Papers 980, RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen.
    4. He, Eric & Jacob, Martin & Vashishtha, Rahul & Venkatachalam, Mohan, 2022. "Does differential taxation of short-term relative to long-term capital gains affect long-term investment?," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 74(1).
    5. Albert Chiu & Xingchen Lan & Ziyi Liu & Yiqing Xu, 2023. "Causal Panel Analysis under Parallel Trends: Lessons from A Large Reanalysis Study," Papers 2309.15983, arXiv.org, revised Nov 2024.
    6. Chen, Jidong & Shi, Xinzheng & Zhang, Ming-ang & Zhang, Sihan, 2024. "Centralization of environmental administration and air pollution: Evidence from China," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 126(C).
    7. repec:ags:aaea22:335779 is not listed on IDEAS
    8. Omar Isaac Asensio & Olga Churkina & Becky D. Rafter & Kira E. O’Hare, 2024. "Housing policies and energy efficiency spillovers in low and moderate income communities," Nature Sustainability, Nature, vol. 7(5), pages 590-601, May.
    9. Hsuan-Hua Huang & Hsing-Wen Han & Kuang-Ta Lo & Tzu-Ting Yang, 2023. "Liquidity Constraints, Cash Windfalls, and Entrepreneurship: Evidence from Administrative Data on Lottery Winners," Papers 2303.17029, arXiv.org.
    10. Suzuki, Masatomo & Hino, Kimihiro & Muto, Sachio, 2022. "Negative externalities of long-term vacant homes: Evidence from Japan," Journal of Housing Economics, Elsevier, vol. 57(C).
    11. Christian A. L. Hilber, 2017. "The Economic Implications of House Price Capitalization: A Synthesis," Real Estate Economics, American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association, vol. 45(2), pages 301-339, April.
    12. Ta, Chi L., 2024. "Do conservation contests work? An analysis of a large-scale energy competitive rebate program," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 124(C).
    13. Mikhail Mamonov & Anna Pestova & Steven Ongena, 2023. "“Crime and Punishment”? How Banks Anticipate and Propagate Global Financial Sanctions," CERGE-EI Working Papers wp753, The Center for Economic Research and Graduate Education - Economics Institute, Prague.
    14. Marco Compagnoni & Marco Grazzi & Fabio Pieri & Chiara Tomasi, 2025. "Extended Producer Responsibility and Trade Flows in Waste: The Case of Batteries," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 88(1), pages 43-76, January.
    15. Davidson, Carl & Heyman, Fredrik & Matusz, Steven & Sjöholm, Fredrik & Chun Zhu, Susan, 2022. "How International Experience Helps Shape Labor Market Outcomes," Working Paper Series 1453, Research Institute of Industrial Economics, revised 09 Jun 2024.
    16. Melnik, Walter & Smyth, Andrew, 2024. "R&D tax credits and innovation," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 236(C).
    17. Dmitry Arkhangelsky & Guido Imbens, 2023. "Causal Models for Longitudinal and Panel Data: A Survey," Papers 2311.15458, arXiv.org, revised Jun 2024.
    18. Gounopoulos, Dimitrios & Loukopoulos, Georgios & Loukopoulos, Panagiotis & Zhang, Yu, 2024. "Do CFO career concerns matter? Evidence from IPO financial reporting outcomes," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 87(C).
    19. Brick, Kerri & De Martino, Samantha & Visser, Martine, 2023. "Behavioural nudges for water conservation in unequal settings: Experimental evidence from Cape Town," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 121(C).
    20. Roth, Jonathan & Sant’Anna, Pedro H.C. & Bilinski, Alyssa & Poe, John, 2023. "What’s trending in difference-in-differences? A synthesis of the recent econometrics literature," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 235(2), pages 2218-2244.
    21. Wei-Fong Pan, 2023. "Does a firm’s lobbying activity respond to its peers’ lobbying activity?," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 194(3), pages 297-324, March.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Taxes; Housing appreciation; Sustainability; Lending; Property assessed clean energy; PACE;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • H23 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
    • H71 - Public Economics - - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations - - - State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue
    • R38 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - Real Estate Markets, Spatial Production Analysis, and Firm Location - - - Government Policy
    • G12 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Asset Pricing; Trading Volume; Bond Interest Rates
    • G51 - Financial Economics - - Household Finance - - - Household Savings, Borrowing, Debt, and Wealth

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:jeeman:v:124:y:2024:i:c:s009506962400010x. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/inca/622870 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.