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Two-Way Fixed Effects and Differences-in-Differences with Heterogeneous Treatment Effects: A Survey

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  • Clément de Chaisemartin
  • Xavier D'Haultfoeuille

Abstract

Linear regressions with period and group fixed effects are widely used to estimate policies' effects: 26 of the 100 most cited papers published by the American Economic Review from 2015 to 2019 estimate such regressions. It has recently been show that those regressions may produce misleading estimates, if the policy's effect is heterogeneous between groups or over time, as is often the case. This survey reviews a fast-growing literature that documents this issue, and that proposes alternative estimators robust to heterogeneous effects.

Suggested Citation

  • Clément de Chaisemartin & Xavier D'Haultfoeuille, 2022. "Two-Way Fixed Effects and Differences-in-Differences with Heterogeneous Treatment Effects: A Survey," NBER Working Papers 29691, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    • Handle: RePEc:nbr:nberwo:29691
    Note: CF DEV ED EEE EH ITI LS PE POL TWP
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • C21 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Single Equation Models; Single Variables - - - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models
    • C23 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Single Equation Models; Single Variables - - - Models with Panel Data; Spatio-temporal Models

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