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Does reliable electrification reduce gender differences? Evidence from India

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  • Sedai, Ashish Kumar
  • Vasudevan, Ramaa
  • Pena, Anita Alves
  • Miller, Ray

Abstract

This study examines the effect of reliability of electricity on gender differences in socio-economic status using a comprehensive set of labor and non-labor market outcomes in India. Using the temporal variation in household electricity hours from a large gender-disaggregated data set, we examine the effects of electricity reliability with individual fixed effects and instrumental variable regressions. Our analysis reveals contrasting trends with significant progress at the extensive margin of electricity access, but little progress at the intensive margin of reliability, hours of electricity. We find that reliable electrification improves the status of women relative to men through increased employment opportunities and reduced time allocation to home production. For instance, 10 more hours of electricity increases the likelihood of employment in the ‘usual status’ by 2.8 percentage points (pp) for men, and 4.2 pp for women. The analysis is robust to the use of piece-wise linear regression approaches, as well as alternate specifications of the outcome variables. The study recommends considering electricity as a right, and as part of the broader strategy for reducing gender disparities in India.

Suggested Citation

  • Sedai, Ashish Kumar & Vasudevan, Ramaa & Pena, Anita Alves & Miller, Ray, 2021. "Does reliable electrification reduce gender differences? Evidence from India," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 185(C), pages 580-601.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jeborg:v:185:y:2021:i:c:p:580-601
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2021.03.015
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    6. Bharti Nandwani & Manisha Jain, 2024. "Access to clean cooking fuel and women outcomes," Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai Working Papers 2024-017, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai, India.
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    8. Jajati Keshari Parida & Shiba Shankar Pattayat & Sher Verick, 2023. "Why is the size of discouraged labour force increasing in India?," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 56(5), pages 3601-3630, October.
    9. Li, Jiajia & Yang, Shiyu & Li, Jun & Li, Houjian, 2024. "Targeting SDG7: Identifying heterogeneous energy dilemmas for socially disadvantaged groups in India using machine learning," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 138(C).
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Gender differences; Labor; Reliable electrification; India;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • D13 - Microeconomics - - Household Behavior - - - Household Production and Intrahouse Allocation
    • D63 - Microeconomics - - Welfare Economics - - - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement
    • H42 - Public Economics - - Publicly Provided Goods - - - Publicly Provided Private Goods
    • Q43 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Energy - - - Energy and the Macroeconomy

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