IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/glofin/v57y2023ics1044028323000509.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Tail risk transmission in technology-driven markets

Author

Listed:
  • Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr
  • Shahzad, Mohammad Rahim
  • Karim, Sitara
  • Assaf, Rima

Abstract

The soaring popularity of blockchain investing and cryptocurrencies has captured the attention of policymakers and investors alike. However, as cryptocurrencies remain the most volatile and high-risk investment options, they have displayed extreme asymmetric patterns over time. Considering these concerns, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the tail risk transmission of these technology-driven markets using the Conditional autoregressive Value at risk (CAViaR) model, which sheds valuable light on the market's tail characteristics. We combined the CAViaR approach with the time-frequency methods proposed by Diebold and Yilmaz (2012) and Barunik and Krehlik (2018) to further enhance our analysis. Our results revealed a range of asymmetric economic and financial patterns across markets and highlighted the varying exposure of these markets to different circumstances over time. Finally, we investigated the impact of global factors on the tail risk transmission of technology-driven markets both in the long and short term. This study offers a wealth of insights for policymakers, investors, financial market participants, and scholars of digital finance to help navigate these rapidly evolving markets.

Suggested Citation

  • Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Shahzad, Mohammad Rahim & Karim, Sitara & Assaf, Rima, 2023. "Tail risk transmission in technology-driven markets," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 57(C).
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:glofin:v:57:y:2023:i:c:s1044028323000509
    DOI: 10.1016/j.gfj.2023.100855
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1044028323000509
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.gfj.2023.100855?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Amemiya, Takeshi, 1982. "Two Stage Least Absolute Deviations Estimators," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 50(3), pages 689-711, May.
    2. Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Iqbal, Najaf & Karim, Sitara & Lucey, Brian M., 2023. "From forests to faucets to fuel: Investigating the domino effect of extreme risk in timber, water, and energy markets," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 55(PB).
    3. Diebold, Francis X. & Yılmaz, Kamil, 2014. "On the network topology of variance decompositions: Measuring the connectedness of financial firms," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 182(1), pages 119-134.
    4. Farid, Saqib & Karim, Sitara & Naeem, Muhammad A. & Nepal, Rabindra & Jamasb, Tooraj, 2023. "Co-movement between dirty and clean energy: A time-frequency perspective," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 119(C).
    5. Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Appiah, Michael & Karim, Sitara & Yarovaya, Larisa, 2023. "What abates environmental efficiency in African economies? Exploring the influence of infrastructure, industrialization, and innovation," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 186(PB).
    6. Jozef Baruník & Tomáš Křehlík, 2018. "Measuring the Frequency Dynamics of Financial Connectedness and Systemic Risk," Journal of Financial Econometrics, Oxford University Press, vol. 16(2), pages 271-296.
    7. Siddique, Md Abubakar & Nobanee, Haitham & Karim, Sitara & Naz, Farah, 2023. "Do green financial markets offset the risk of cryptocurrencies and carbon markets?," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 86(C), pages 822-833.
    8. Trindade, A. Alexandre & Uryasev, Stan & Shapiro, Alexander & Zrazhevsky, Grigory, 2007. "Financial prediction with constrained tail risk," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 31(11), pages 3524-3538, November.
    9. Yousaf, Imran & Yarovaya, Larisa, 2022. "Spillovers between the Islamic gold-backed cryptocurrencies and equity markets during the COVID-19: A sectorial analysis," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
    10. Bryan Kelly & Hao Jiang, 2014. "Editor's Choice Tail Risk and Asset Prices," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 27(10), pages 2841-2871.
    11. Agarwal, Vikas & Ruenzi, Stefan & Weigert, Florian, 2017. "Tail risk in hedge funds: A unique view from portfolio holdings," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 125(3), pages 610-636.
    12. Benlagha, Noureddine & Karim, Sitara & Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Lucey, Brian M. & Vigne, Samuel A., 2022. "Risk connectedness between energy and stock markets: Evidence from oil importing and exporting countries," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 115(C).
    13. Nan Chen & Paul Glasserman & Behzad Nouri & Markus Pelger, 2017. "Contingent Capital, Tail Risk, and Debt-Induced Collapse," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 30(11), pages 3921-3969.
    14. Shahzad, Syed Jawad Hussain & Bouri, Elie & Ahmad, Tanveer & Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr, 2022. "Extreme tail network analysis of cryptocurrencies and trading strategies," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 44(C).
    15. Onur Polat & Eylül Kabakçı Günay, 2021. "Cryptocurrency connectedness nexus the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from time-frequency domains," Studies in Economics and Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 38(5), pages 946-963, May.
    16. Robert F. Engle & Simone Manganelli, 2004. "CAViaR: Conditional Autoregressive Value at Risk by Regression Quantiles," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 22, pages 367-381, October.
    17. Khalfaoui, Rabeh & Gozgor, Giray & Goodell, John W., 2023. "Impact of Russia-Ukraine war attention on cryptocurrency: Evidence from quantile dependence analysis," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 52(C).
    18. Moshe Buchinsky & Jinyong Hahn, 1998. "An Alternative Estimator for the Censored Quantile Regression Model," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 66(3), pages 653-672, May.
    19. Billah, Mabruk & Karim, Sitara & Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Vigne, Samuel A., 2022. "Return and volatility spillovers between energy and BRIC markets: Evidence from quantile connectedness," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 62(C).
    20. Elliott, Graham & Rothenberg, Thomas J & Stock, James H, 1996. "Efficient Tests for an Autoregressive Unit Root," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 64(4), pages 813-836, July.
    21. Yousaf, Imran & Yarovaya, Larisa, 2022. "Herding behavior in conventional cryptocurrency market, non-fungible tokens, and DeFi assets," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 50(C).
    22. Akhtaruzzaman, Md & Boubaker, Sabri & Nguyen, Duc Khuong & Rahman, Molla Ramizur, 2022. "Systemic risk-sharing framework of cryptocurrencies in the COVID–19 crisis," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 47(PB).
    23. Siddique, Md Abubakar & Nobanee, Haitham & Karim, Sitara & Naz, Farah, 2022. "Investigating the role of metal and commodity classes in overcoming resource destabilization," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
    24. Pham, Linh & Karim, Sitara & Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Long, Cheng, 2022. "A tale of two tails among carbon prices, green and non-green cryptocurrencies," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
    25. Yousaf, Imran & Nekhili, Ramzi & Gubareva, Mariya, 2022. "Linkages between DeFi assets and conventional currencies: Evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 81(C).
    26. Arfaoui, Nadia & Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Boubaker, Sabri & Mirza, Nawazish & Karim, Sitara, 2023. "Interdependence of clean energy and green markets with cryptocurrencies," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 120(C).
    27. Salisu, Afees A. & Ogbonna, Ahamuefula E., 2022. "The return volatility of cryptocurrencies during the COVID-19 pandemic: Assessing the news effect," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 54(C).
    28. Diebold, Francis X. & Yilmaz, Kamil, 2012. "Better to give than to receive: Predictive directional measurement of volatility spillovers," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 28(1), pages 57-66.
    29. Yousaf, Imran & Yarovaya, Larisa, 2022. "Static and dynamic connectedness between NFTs, Defi and other assets: Portfolio implication," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 53(C).
    30. Portnoy, Stephen, 1991. "Asymptotic behavior of regression quantiles in non-stationary, dependent cases," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 38(1), pages 100-113, July.
    31. Karim, Sitara & Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Shafiullah, Muhammad & Lucey, Brian M. & Ashraf, Sania, 2023. "Asymmetric relationship between climate policy uncertainty and energy metals: Evidence from cross-quantilogram," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 54(C).
    32. Jareño, Francisco & González, María de la O. & López, Raquel & Ramos, Ana Rosa, 2021. "Cryptocurrencies and oil price shocks: A NARDL analysis in the COVID-19 pandemic," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    33. Khuloud M. Alawadhi & Nour Alshamali, 2022. "NFTs Emergence in Financial Markets and their Correlation with DeFis and Cryptocurrencies," Applied Economics and Finance, Redfame publishing, vol. 9(1), pages 108-120, December.
    34. Mudassar Hasan & Muhammad Abubakr Naeem & Muhammad Arif & Syed Jawad Hussain Shahzad & Xuan Vinh Vo, 2022. "Liquidity connectedness in cryptocurrency market," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 8(1), pages 1-25, December.
    35. Julián Andrada-Félix & Adrian Fernandez-Perez & Simón Sosvilla-Rivero, 2018. "Fear connectedness among asset classes," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 50(39), pages 4234-4249, August.
    36. Koenker, Roger & Bassett, Gilbert, Jr, 1982. "Robust Tests for Heteroscedasticity Based on Regression Quantiles," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 50(1), pages 43-61, January.
    37. Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Gul, Raazia & Farid, Saqib & Karim, Sitara & Lucey, Brian M., 2023. "Assessing linkages between alternative energy markets and cryptocurrencies," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 211(C), pages 513-529.
    38. Armstrong, John & Brigo, Damiano, 2019. "Risk managing tail-risk seekers: VaR and expected shortfall vs S-shaped utility," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 122-135.
    39. Iqbal, Najaf & Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Suleman, Muhammed Tahir, 2022. "Quantifying the asymmetric spillovers in sustainable investments," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
    40. Ahmed BenSaïda & Sabri Boubaker & Duc Khuong Nguyen, 2018. "The shifting dependence dynamics between the G7 stock markets," Quantitative Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 18(5), pages 801-812, May.
    41. Alexander, Gordon J. & Baptista, Alexandre M. & Yan, Shu, 2012. "When more is less: Using multiple constraints to reduce tail risk," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 36(10), pages 2693-2716.
    42. Karagiannis, Nikolaos & Tolikas, Konstantinos, 2019. "Tail Risk and the Cross-Section of Mutual Fund Expected Returns," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 54(1), pages 425-447, February.
    43. repec:eme:sef000:sef-01-2021-0011 is not listed on IDEAS
    44. Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Karim, Sitara, 2021. "Tail dependence between bitcoin and green financial assets," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 208(C).
    45. Hasan, Mudassar & Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Arif, Muhammad & Yarovaya, Larisa, 2021. "Higher moment connectedness in cryptocurrency market," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, Elsevier, vol. 32(C).
    46. Jarque, Carlos M. & Bera, Anil K., 1980. "Efficient tests for normality, homoscedasticity and serial independence of regression residuals," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 6(3), pages 255-259.
    47. Khan, Nida & Kchouri, Bilal & Yatoo, Nissar Ahmad & Kräussl, Zsofia & Patel, Anass & State, Radu, 2022. "Tokenization of sukuk: Ethereum case study," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 51(C).
    48. Karim, Sitara & Lucey, Brian M. & Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Vigne, Samuel A., 2023. "The dark side of Bitcoin: Do Emerging Asian Islamic markets help subdue the ethical risk?," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 54(C).
    49. Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Karim, Sitara & Uddin, Gazi Salah & Junttila, Juha, 2022. "Small fish in big ponds: Connections of green finance assets to commodity and sectoral stock markets," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
    50. Appiah, Michael & Li, Mingxing & Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Karim, Sitara, 2023. "Greening the globe: Uncovering the impact of environmental policy, renewable energy, and innovation on ecological footprint," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 192(C).
    51. Ha, Le Thanh & Nham, Nguyen Thi Hong, 2022. "An application of a TVP-VAR extended joint connected approach to explore connectedness between WTI crude oil, gold, stock and cryptocurrencies during the COVID-19 health crisis," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 183(C).
    52. Karim, Sitara & Lucey, Brian M. & Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Uddin, Gazi Salah, 2022. "Examining the interrelatedness of NFTs, DeFi tokens and cryptocurrencies," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 47(PB).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Boubaker, Sabri & Karim, Sitara & Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Sharma, Gagan Deep, 2023. "Financial markets, energy shocks, and extreme volatility spillovers," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 126(C).
    2. Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Karim, Sitara & Abrar, Afsheen & Yarovaya, Larisa & Shah, Adil Ahmad, 2023. "Non-linear relationship between oil and cryptocurrencies: Evidence from returns and shocks," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 89(C).
    3. Wei, Wei & Han, Ying & Abedin, Mohammad Zoynul & Ma, Jingjing & Chai, Shanglei, 2023. "Empirical study on the technical efficiency and total factor productivity of power industry: Evidence from Chinese provinces," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 128(C).
    4. Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Husain, Afzol & Bossman, Ahmed & Karim, Sitara, 2024. "Assessing the linkage of energy cryptocurrency with clean and dirty energy markets," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 130(C).
    5. Wu, Juan, 2023. "Nexus analysis of financial management, digital finance and new technologies," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 57(C).
    6. Abdullah, Mohammad & Sarker, Provash Kumer & Abakah, Emmanuel Joel Aikins & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar & Rehman, Mohd Ziaur, 2024. "Tail risk intersection between tech-tokens and tech-stocks," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 61(C).
    7. Xu, Dandan & Liu, Yuting, 2024. "How does technological progress affect provincial financial resilience? Evidence at the provincial level in China," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 60(C).
    8. Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Nguyen, Thi Thu Ha & Karim, Sitara & Lucey, Brian M., 2023. "Extreme downside risk transmission between green cryptocurrencies and energy markets: The diversification benefits," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 58(PA).
    9. Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Farid, Saqib & Yousaf, Imran & Kang, Sang Hoon, 2023. "Asymmetric efficiency in petroleum markets before and during COVID-19," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 86(PA).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Karim, Sitara & Abrar, Afsheen & Yarovaya, Larisa & Shah, Adil Ahmad, 2023. "Non-linear relationship between oil and cryptocurrencies: Evidence from returns and shocks," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 89(C).
    2. Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Hamouda, Foued & Karim, Sitara & Vigne, Samuel A., 2023. "Return and volatility spillovers among global assets: Comparing health crisis with geopolitical crisis," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 557-575.
    3. Siddique, Md Abubakar & Nobanee, Haitham & Karim, Sitara & Naz, Farah, 2023. "Do green financial markets offset the risk of cryptocurrencies and carbon markets?," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 86(C), pages 822-833.
    4. Chishti, Muhammad Zubair & Arfaoui, Nadia & Cheong, Calvin W.H., 2023. "Exploring the time-varying asymmetric effects of environmental regulation policies and human capital on sustainable development efficiency: A province level evidence from China," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 126(C).
    5. Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Sadorsky, Perry & Karim, Sitara, 2023. "Sailing across climate-friendly bonds and clean energy stocks: An asymmetric analysis with the Gulf Cooperation Council Stock markets," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 126(C).
    6. Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Nguyen, Thi Thu Ha & Karim, Sitara & Lucey, Brian M., 2023. "Extreme downside risk transmission between green cryptocurrencies and energy markets: The diversification benefits," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 58(PA).
    7. Boubaker, Sabri & Karim, Sitara & Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Sharma, Gagan Deep, 2023. "Financial markets, energy shocks, and extreme volatility spillovers," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 126(C).
    8. Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Gul, Raazia & Farid, Saqib & Karim, Sitara & Lucey, Brian M., 2023. "Assessing linkages between alternative energy markets and cryptocurrencies," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 211(C), pages 513-529.
    9. Rao, Amar & Lucey, Brian & Kumar, Satish & Lim, Weng Marc, 2023. "Do green energy markets catch cold when conventional energy markets sneeze?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 127(PA).
    10. Mbarki, Imen & Khan, Muhammad Arif & Karim, Sitara & Paltrinieri, Andrea & Lucey, Brian M., 2023. "Unveiling commodities-financial markets intersections from a bibliometric perspective," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
    11. Abakah, Emmanuel Joel Aikins & Hossain, Sahib & Abdullah, Mohammad & Goodell, John W., 2024. "Global uncertainty factors and price connectedness between US electricity and blockchain markets: Findings from an R-square connectedness approach," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 59(C).
    12. Arfaoui, Nadia & Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Boubaker, Sabri & Mirza, Nawazish & Karim, Sitara, 2023. "Interdependence of clean energy and green markets with cryptocurrencies," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 120(C).
    13. Abubakr Naeem, Muhammad & Iqbal, Najaf & Lucey, Brian M. & Karim, Sitara, 2022. "Good versus bad information transmission in the cryptocurrency market: Evidence from high-frequency data," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 81(C).
    14. Siddique, Md Abubakar & Nobanee, Haitham & Karim, Sitara & Naz, Farah, 2022. "Investigating the role of metal and commodity classes in overcoming resource destabilization," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
    15. Abakah, Emmanuel Joel Aikins & Brahim, Mariem & Carlotti, Jean-Etienne & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar & Mensi, Walid, 2024. "Extreme downside risk connectedness and portfolio hedging among the G10 currencies," International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 178(C).
    16. Husain, Afzol & Karim, Sitara & Sensoy, Ahmet, 2024. "Financial fusion: Bridging Islamic and Green investments in the European stock market," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 94(C).
    17. Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Chatziantoniou, Ioannis & Gabauer, David & Karim, Sitara, 2024. "Measuring the G20 stock market return transmission mechanism: Evidence from the R2 connectedness approach," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 91(C).
    18. Jareño, Francisco & Yousaf, Imran, 2023. "Artificial intelligence-based tokens: Fresh evidence of connectedness with artificial intelligence-based equities," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 89(C).
    19. Billah, Mabruk & Karim, Sitara & Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Vigne, Samuel A., 2022. "Return and volatility spillovers between energy and BRIC markets: Evidence from quantile connectedness," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 62(C).
    20. Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Iqbal, Najaf & Karim, Sitara & Lucey, Brian M., 2023. "From forests to faucets to fuel: Investigating the domino effect of extreme risk in timber, water, and energy markets," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 55(PB).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    CAViaR; Cryptocurrencies; Tail risk transmission; Technology-driven markets;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C32 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables - - - Time-Series Models; Dynamic Quantile Regressions; Dynamic Treatment Effect Models; Diffusion Processes; State Space Models
    • D53 - Microeconomics - - General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium - - - Financial Markets
    • G01 - Financial Economics - - General - - - Financial Crises
    • G15 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - International Financial Markets

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:glofin:v:57:y:2023:i:c:s1044028323000509. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/inca/620162 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.