IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/energy/v187y2019ics0360544219317025.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Optimal sizing and adaptive energy management of a novel four-wheel-drive hybrid powertrain

Author

Listed:
  • Ju, Fei
  • Zhuang, Weichao
  • Wang, Liangmo
  • Zhang, Zhe

Abstract

Hybrid powertrain technology must be applied to sport utility vehicles (SUVs) to meet stringent fuel economy and emissions standards. As an essential attribute of SUV, four-wheel-drive (4WD) offers flexible torque arrangement and results in safe and powerful driving under off-road conditions. In this paper, we propose a novel compound 4WD hybrid powertrain by adding an extra output shaft to a conventional power-split hybrid electric vehicle. By connecting two output shafts to the front and rear axles, this hybrid powertrain could deliver the engine power to four wheels simultaneously, while maintaining the electrical continuously variable transmission (ECVT) function. The dynamics, modeling and system characteristics of the compound 4WD hybrid powertrain are presented firstly. Using an integrated optimization framework to optimize components’ sizes, the proposed 4WD hybrid powertrain indicates 36.22% and 13.82% fuel economy improvements than conventional 4WD SUV in city and highway cycles, respectively. Since it is difficult to implement the DP in real-time controller, we present an adaptive equivalent consumption minimization strategy (A-ECMS), whose equivalent factor (EF) is constrained by its theoretical extremum. Finally, simulation results show A-ECMS achieves better fuel economy than regular ECMS.

Suggested Citation

  • Ju, Fei & Zhuang, Weichao & Wang, Liangmo & Zhang, Zhe, 2019. "Optimal sizing and adaptive energy management of a novel four-wheel-drive hybrid powertrain," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 187(C).
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:187:y:2019:i:c:s0360544219317025
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2019.116008
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544219317025
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.energy.2019.116008?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Sulaiman, N. & Hannan, M.A. & Mohamed, A. & Majlan, E.H. & Wan Daud, W.R., 2015. "A review on energy management system for fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle: Issues and challenges," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 802-814.
    2. Lewis, Anne Marie & Kelly, Jarod C. & Keoleian, Gregory A., 2014. "Vehicle lightweighting vs. electrification: Life cycle energy and GHG emissions results for diverse powertrain vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 126(C), pages 13-20.
    3. Hannan, M.A. & Azidin, F.A. & Mohamed, A., 2014. "Hybrid electric vehicles and their challenges: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 135-150.
    4. Rahman, Imran & Vasant, Pandian M. & Singh, Balbir Singh Mahinder & Abdullah-Al-Wadud, M. & Adnan, Nadia, 2016. "Review of recent trends in optimization techniques for plug-in hybrid, and electric vehicle charging infrastructures," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 1039-1047.
    5. Yang, Chao & Du, Siyu & Li, Liang & You, Sixong & Yang, Yiyong & Zhao, Yue, 2017. "Adaptive real-time optimal energy management strategy based on equivalent factors optimization for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 203(C), pages 883-896.
    6. Huang, Yanjun & Wang, Hong & Khajepour, Amir & Li, Bin & Ji, Jie & Zhao, Kegang & Hu, Chuan, 2018. "A review of power management strategies and component sizing methods for hybrid vehicles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 96(C), pages 132-144.
    7. Khayyam, Hamid & Bab-Hadiashar, Alireza, 2014. "Adaptive intelligent energy management system of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 319-335.
    8. Chen, Syuan-Yi & Wu, Chien-Hsun & Hung, Yi-Hsuan & Chung, Cheng-Ta, 2018. "Optimal strategies of energy management integrated with transmission control for a hybrid electric vehicle using dynamic particle swarm optimization," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 160(C), pages 154-170.
    9. Wang, Hong & Huang, Yanjun & Khajepour, Amir & He, Hongwen & Cao, Dongpu, 2017. "A novel energy management for hybrid off-road vehicles without future driving cycles as a priori," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 133(C), pages 929-940.
    10. Škugor, Branimir & Deur, Joško, 2015. "Dynamic programming-based optimisation of charging an electric vehicle fleet system represented by an aggregate battery model," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 92(P3), pages 456-465.
    11. Yang, Yalian & Hu, Xiaosong & Pei, Huanxin & Peng, Zhiyuan, 2016. "Comparison of power-split and parallel hybrid powertrain architectures with a single electric machine: Dynamic programming approach," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 168(C), pages 683-690.
    12. Zhuang, Weichao & Zhang, Xiaowu & Ding, Yang & Wang, Liangmo & Hu, Xiaosong, 2016. "Comparison of multi-mode hybrid powertrains with multiple planetary gears," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 178(C), pages 624-632.
    13. Finesso, Roberto & Spessa, Ezio & Venditti, Mattia, 2014. "Layout design and energetic analysis of a complex diesel parallel hybrid electric vehicle," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 134(C), pages 573-588.
    14. Wu, Jian & Wang, Xiangyu & Li, Liang & Qin, Cun'an & Du, Yongchang, 2018. "Hierarchical control strategy with battery aging consideration for hybrid electric vehicle regenerative braking control," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 145(C), pages 301-312.
    15. Wang, Hong & Huang, Yanjun & Khajepour, Amir & Song, Qiang, 2016. "Model predictive control-based energy management strategy for a series hybrid electric tracked vehicle," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 182(C), pages 105-114.
    16. Nykvist, Björn & Sprei, Frances & Nilsson, Måns, 2019. "Assessing the progress toward lower priced long range battery electric vehicles," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 124(C), pages 144-155.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Deng, Huifan & Zhao, Youqun & Feng, Shilin & Wang, Qiuwei & Zhang, Chenxi & Lin, Fen, 2021. "Torque vectoring algorithm based on mechanical elastic electric wheels with consideration of the stability and economy," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 219(C).
    2. Zhuang, Weichao & Li, Jinhui & Ju, Fei & Li, Bingbing & Liu, Haoji & Yin, Guodong, 2024. "Dual-objective eco-routing strategy for vehicles with different powertrain types," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 293(C).
    3. Yang, Yalian & Li, Pengshuai & Pei, Huanxin & Zou, Yunge, 2022. "Design of all-wheel-drive power-split hybrid configuration schemes based on hierarchical topology graph theory," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 242(C).
    4. Ju, Fei & Zhuang, Weichao & Wang, Liangmo & Zhang, Zhe, 2020. "Comparison of four-wheel-drive hybrid powertrain configurations," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 209(C).
    5. Ali M. Jasim & Basil H. Jasim & Florin-Constantin Baiceanu & Bogdan-Constantin Neagu, 2023. "Optimized Sizing of Energy Management System for Off-Grid Hybrid Solar/Wind/Battery/Biogasifier/Diesel Microgrid System," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 11(5), pages 1-34, March.
    6. Pei Zhang & Xianpan Wu & Changqing Du & Hongming Xu & Huawu Wang, 2020. "Adaptive Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy for Hybrid Heavy-Duty Truck Based on Driving Condition Recognition and Parameter Optimization," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(20), pages 1-20, October.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Baodi Zhang & Sheng Guo & Xin Zhang & Qicheng Xue & Lan Teng, 2020. "Adaptive Smoothing Power Following Control Strategy Based on an Optimal Efficiency Map for a Hybrid Electric Tracked Vehicle," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-25, April.
    2. Zhuang, Weichao & Li (Eben), Shengbo & Zhang, Xiaowu & Kum, Dongsuk & Song, Ziyou & Yin, Guodong & Ju, Fei, 2020. "A survey of powertrain configuration studies on hybrid electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(C).
    3. Wang, Yue & Zeng, Xiaohua & Song, Dafeng, 2020. "Hierarchical optimal intelligent energy management strategy for a power-split hybrid electric bus based on driving information," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 199(C).
    4. Mahmoudzadeh Andwari, Amin & Pesiridis, Apostolos & Rajoo, Srithar & Martinez-Botas, Ricardo & Esfahanian, Vahid, 2017. "A review of Battery Electric Vehicle technology and readiness levels," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 414-430.
    5. Ju, Fei & Zhuang, Weichao & Wang, Liangmo & Zhang, Zhe, 2020. "Comparison of four-wheel-drive hybrid powertrain configurations," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 209(C).
    6. Wang, Yue & Zeng, Xiaohua & Song, Dafeng & Yang, Nannan, 2019. "Optimal rule design methodology for energy management strategy of a power-split hybrid electric bus," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 185(C), pages 1086-1099.
    7. Hu, Jiayi & Li, Jianqiu & Hu, Zunyan & Xu, Liangfei & Ouyang, Minggao, 2021. "Power distribution strategy of a dual-engine system for heavy-duty hybrid electric vehicles using dynamic programming," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 215(PA).
    8. Mayyas, Abdel Ra'ouf & Kumar, Sushil & Pisu, Pierluigi & Rios, Jacqueline & Jethani, Puneet, 2017. "Model-based design validation for advanced energy management strategies for electrified hybrid power trains using innovative vehicle hardware in the loop (VHIL) approach," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 204(C), pages 287-302.
    9. Dimitrova, Zlatina & Maréchal, François, 2015. "Energy integration on multi-periods and multi-usages for hybrid electric and thermal powertrains," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 539-550.
    10. Maino, Claudio & Misul, Daniela & Musa, Alessia & Spessa, Ezio, 2021. "Optimal mesh discretization of the dynamic programming for hybrid electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 292(C).
    11. Mojgan Fayyazi & Paramjotsingh Sardar & Sumit Infent Thomas & Roonak Daghigh & Ali Jamali & Thomas Esch & Hans Kemper & Reza Langari & Hamid Khayyam, 2023. "Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in Energy Management Systems, Control, and Optimization of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-38, March.
    12. Qin, Zhaobo & Luo, Yugong & Zhuang, Weichao & Pan, Ziheng & Li, Keqiang & Peng, Huei, 2018. "Simultaneous optimization of topology, control and size for multi-mode hybrid tracked vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 212(C), pages 1627-1641.
    13. Zhao, Chen & Zu, Bingfeng & Xu, Yuliang & Wang, Zhen & Zhou, Jianwei & Liu, Lina, 2020. "Design and analysis of an engine-start control strategy for a single-shaft parallel hybrid electric vehicle," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 202(C).
    14. Anselma, Pier Giuseppe, 2022. "Electrified powertrain sizing for vehicle fleets of car makers considering total ownership costs and CO2 emission legislation scenarios," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 314(C).
    15. Zhou, Xingyu & Qin, Datong & Hu, Jianjun, 2017. "Multi-objective optimization design and performance evaluation for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle powertrains," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 208(C), pages 1608-1625.
    16. Balali, Yasaman & Stegen, Sascha, 2021. "Review of energy storage systems for vehicles based on technology, environmental impacts, and costs," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 135(C).
    17. Lin, Cheng & Zhao, Mingjie & Pan, Hong & Yi, Jiang, 2019. "Blending gear shift strategy design and comparison study for a battery electric city bus with AMT," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 185(C), pages 1-14.
    18. Dimitrova, Zlatina & Maréchal, François, 2015. "Techno-economic design of hybrid electric vehicles using multi objective optimization techniques," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 630-644.
    19. Wu, Jingda & He, Hongwen & Peng, Jiankun & Li, Yuecheng & Li, Zhanjiang, 2018. "Continuous reinforcement learning of energy management with deep Q network for a power split hybrid electric bus," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 222(C), pages 799-811.
    20. Sulaiman, N. & Hannan, M.A. & Mohamed, A. & Ker, P.J. & Majlan, E.H. & Wan Daud, W.R., 2018. "Optimization of energy management system for fuel-cell hybrid electric vehicles: Issues and recommendations," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C), pages 2061-2079.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:187:y:2019:i:c:s0360544219317025. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/energy .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.