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Assessment of public charging infrastructure push and pull rollout strategies: The case of the Netherlands

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  • Helmus, J.R.
  • Spoelstra, J.C.
  • Refa, N.
  • Lees, M.
  • van den Hoed, R.

Abstract

Over recent years, numbers of electric vehicles (EVs) have shown a strong growth and sales are projected to continue to grow. For facilitating charging possibilities for EVs typically two rollout strategies have been applied; demand-driven and strategic rollout. This study focuses on determining the differences in performance metrics of the two rollout strategies by first defining key performance metrics. Thereafter, the root causes of performance differences between the two rollout strategies are investigated. This study analyzes charging data of 1,007,137 transactions on 1742 different CPs by use of 53,850 unique charging cards. This research concludes that demand-driven CPs outperform strategic CPs on weekly energy transfer and connection duration, while strategic CPs outperform their demand-driven counterparts on charging time ratio. Regarding users facilitated, there is a significant change in performance after massive EV-uptake. The root cause analysis shows effects of EV uptake and user type composition on the differences in performance metrics. This research concludes with implications for policy makers regarding an optimal portfolio of rollout strategies.

Suggested Citation

  • Helmus, J.R. & Spoelstra, J.C. & Refa, N. & Lees, M. & van den Hoed, R., 2018. "Assessment of public charging infrastructure push and pull rollout strategies: The case of the Netherlands," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 121(C), pages 35-47.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:enepol:v:121:y:2018:i:c:p:35-47
    DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2018.06.011
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    3. Milan Straka & Rui Carvalho & Gijs van der Poel & v{L}ubov{s} Buzna, 2020. "Explaining the distribution of energy consumption at slow charging infrastructure for electric vehicles from socio-economic data," Papers 2006.01672, arXiv.org, revised Jun 2020.
    4. Lap, Tjerk & Benders, René & van der Hilst, Floor & Faaij, André, 2020. "How does the interplay between resource availability, intersectoral competition and reliability affect a low-carbon power generation mix in Brazil for 2050?," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 195(C).
    5. Hardman, Scott & Garas, Dahlia & Allen, Jeff & Axsen, Jonn & Beard, George & Dütschke, Elisabeth & Daina, Nicolò & Figenbaum, Erik & Jochem, Patrick & Nicholas, Michael & Plötz, Patrick & Refa, Nazir , 2020. "Exploring the Role of Cities in Electrifying Passenger Transportation," Institute of Transportation Studies, Working Paper Series qt8q2917sh, Institute of Transportation Studies, UC Davis.
    6. Wouter P. L. van Galen & Bob Walrave & Sharon A. M. Dolmans & A. Georges L. Romme, 2021. "Charging for Collaboration: Exploring the Dynamics of Temporal Fit in Interdependent Constellations for Innovation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-23, August.
    7. Soetevent, Adriaan R., 2021. "I’d Like to Move It! Consumption Rivalry in the EV Public Charging Market: Demand Estimation with Deterministic Choice Set Variation," EconStor Preprints 228520, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
    8. Milan Straka & Pasquale De Falco & Gabriella Ferruzzi & Daniela Proto & Gijs van der Poel & Shahab Khormali & v{L}ubov{s} Buzna, 2019. "Predicting popularity of EV charging infrastructure from GIS data," Papers 1910.02498, arXiv.org.
    9. Shuping Wu & Zan Yang, 2020. "Availability of Public Electric Vehicle Charging Pile and Development of Electric Vehicle: Evidence from China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(16), pages 1-14, August.
    10. LaMonaca, Sarah & Ryan, Lisa, 2022. "The state of play in electric vehicle charging services – A review of infrastructure provision, players, and policies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 154(C).
    11. Meintjes, Tiago & Castro, Rui & Pires, A.J., 2021. "Impact of vehicle charging on Portugal's national electricity load profile in 2030," Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 73(C).
    12. Alexandra Märtz & Uwe Langenmayr & Sabrina Ried & Katrin Seddig & Patrick Jochem, 2022. "Charging Behavior of Electric Vehicles: Temporal Clustering Based on Real-World Data," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-26, September.
    13. Marisca Zweistra & Stan Janssen & Frank Geerts, 2020. "Large Scale Smart Charging of Electric Vehicles in Practice," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(2), pages 1-13, January.
    14. Philipp Kluschke & Fabian Neumann, 2019. "Interaction of a Hydrogen Refueling Station Network for Heavy-Duty Vehicles and the Power System in Germany for 2050," Papers 1908.10119, arXiv.org.
    15. Chen, Rongkai & Fan, Ruguo & Wang, Dongxue & Yao, Qianyi, 2023. "Effects of multiple incentives on electric vehicle charging infrastructure deployment in China: An evolutionary analysis in complex network," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 264(C).
    16. Helmus, Jurjen R. & Lees, Michael H. & van den Hoed, Robert, 2022. "A validated agent-based model for stress testing charging infrastructure utilization," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 159(C), pages 237-262.
    17. Xin Wang & Jinfeng Wang & Chunqiu Xu & Ke Zhang & Guo Li, 2023. "Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Policy Analysis in China: A Framework of Policy Instrumentation and Industrial Chain," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-16, February.
    18. Wolbertus, Rick & van den Hoed, Robert & Kroesen, Maarten & Chorus, Caspar, 2021. "Charging infrastructure roll-out strategies for large scale introduction of electric vehicles in urban areas: An agent-based simulation study," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 148(C), pages 262-285.

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