IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/eneeco/v76y2018icp519-531.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

A club convergence analysis of per capita energy consumption across Australian regions and sectors

Author

Listed:
  • Ivanovski, Kris
  • Awaworyi Churchill, Sefa
  • Smyth, Russell

Abstract

We examine convergence in per capita energy consumption across nine sectors and seven states and territories in Australia over the period 1990–2016 using the Phillips-Sul club convergence approach. We find evidence of multiple convergence clubs for aggregate energy consumption per capita and for energy consumption per capita in eight of the nine sectors with full club convergence in the case of electricity. The presence of multiple equilibria for most sectors reflect that states with similar features in terms of climate, economic activities and population size, among others, tend to exhibit similar energy consumption patterns. Our results highlight the need to tailor policies designed to reduce energy consumption in specific sectors to the consumption convergence paths unique to particular clusters of states.

Suggested Citation

  • Ivanovski, Kris & Awaworyi Churchill, Sefa & Smyth, Russell, 2018. "A club convergence analysis of per capita energy consumption across Australian regions and sectors," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 519-531.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:eneeco:v:76:y:2018:i:c:p:519-531
    DOI: 10.1016/j.eneco.2018.10.035
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988318304377
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.eneco.2018.10.035?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Mohammadi, Hassan & Ram, Rati, 2017. "Convergence in energy consumption per capita across the US states, 1970–2013: An exploration through selected parametric and non-parametric methods," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 404-410.
    2. Malcolm Abbott, 2002. "Completing The Introduction Of Competition Into The Australian Electricity Industry," Economic Papers, The Economic Society of Australia, vol. 21(2), pages 1-13, June.
    3. Hooi Hooi Lean & Vinod Mishra & Russell Smyth, 2016. "Conditional convergence in US disaggregated petroleum consumption at the sector level," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 48(32), pages 3049-3061, July.
    4. Fallahi, Firouz & Voia, Marcel-Cristian, 2015. "Convergence and persistence in per capita energy use among OECD countries: Revisited using confidence intervals," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 52(PA), pages 246-253.
    5. Robert M. Solow, 1956. "A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 70(1), pages 65-94.
    6. Miketa, Asami & Mulder, Peter, 2005. "Energy productivity across developed and developing countries in 10 manufacturing sectors: Patterns of growth and convergence," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 27(3), pages 429-453, May.
    7. Hodrick, Robert J & Prescott, Edward C, 1997. "Postwar U.S. Business Cycles: An Empirical Investigation," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 29(1), pages 1-16, February.
    8. Mishra, Vinod & Smyth, Russell, 2017. "Conditional convergence in Australia's energy consumption at the sector level," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 396-403.
    9. Mishra, Vinod & Smyth, Russell, 2014. "Convergence in energy consumption per capita among ASEAN countries," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 180-185.
    10. Wesley Burnett, J. & Madariaga, Jessica, 2017. "The convergence of U.S. state-level energy intensity," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 357-370.
    11. Le Pen, Yannick & Sévi, Benoît, 2010. "On the non-convergence of energy intensities: Evidence from a pair-wise econometric approach," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 69(3), pages 641-650, January.
    12. Smyth, Russell & Narayan, Paresh Kumar, 2015. "Applied econometrics and implications for energy economics research," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 351-358.
    13. Ezcurra, Roberto, 2007. "Is there cross-country convergence in carbon dioxide emissions?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 35(2), pages 1363-1372, February.
    14. Mark Strazicich & John List, 2003. "Are CO 2 Emission Levels Converging Among Industrial Countries?," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 24(3), pages 263-271, March.
    15. Maza, Adolfo & Villaverde, José, 2008. "The world per capita electricity consumption distribution: Signs of convergence?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 36(11), pages 4255-4261, November.
    16. Duro, Juan Antonio & Padilla, Emilio, 2011. "Inequality across countries in energy intensities: An analysis of the role of energy transformation and final energy consumption," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 33(3), pages 474-479, May.
    17. Phu Nguyen Van, 2005. "Distribution Dynamics of CO 2 Emissions," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 32(4), pages 495-508, December.
    18. Kim, Young Se, 2015. "Electricity consumption and economic development: Are countries converging to a common trend?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 192-202.
    19. Joakim Westerlund & Syed Basher, 2008. "Testing for Convergence in Carbon Dioxide Emissions Using a Century of Panel Data," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 40(1), pages 109-120, May.
    20. Peter Mulder & Henri Groot, 2007. "Sectoral Energy- and Labour-Productivity Convergence," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 36(1), pages 85-112, January.
    21. Valadkhani, Abbas & Nguyen, Jeremy & Smyth, Russell, 2018. "Consumer electricity and gas prices across Australian capital cities: Structural breaks, effects of policy reforms and interstate differences," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 365-375.
    22. Emmanuel Anoruo & William R. DiPietro, 2014. "Convergence in Per Capita Energy Consumption among African Countries: Evidence from Sequential Panel Selection Method," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 4(4), pages 568-577.
    23. Fallahi, Firouz, 2017. "Stochastic convergence in per capita energy use in world," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 228-239.
    24. Slaughter, Matthew J, 1997. "Per Capita Income Convergence and the Role of International Trade," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 87(2), pages 194-199, May.
    25. Muhammad Shahbaz & Mita Bhattacharya & Khalid Ahmed, 2017. "CO emissions in Australia: economic and non-economic drivers in the long-run," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 49(13), pages 1273-1286, March.
    26. Matthew J. Slaughter, 1997. "Per Capita Income Convergence and the Role of International Trade," NBER Working Papers 5897, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    27. Ezcurra, Roberto, 2007. "Distribution dynamics of energy intensities: A cross-country analysis," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 35(10), pages 5254-5259, October.
    28. Parker, Steven & Liddle, Brantley, 2017. "Economy-wide and manufacturing energy productivity transition paths and club convergence for OECD and non-OECD countries," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 338-346.
    29. Joseph Aldy, 2006. "Per Capita Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Convergence or Divergence?," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 33(4), pages 533-555, April.
    30. Quah, Danny T., 1996. "Empirics for economic growth and convergence," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 40(6), pages 1353-1375, June.
    31. Peter C. B. Phillips & Donggyu Sul, 2007. "Transition Modeling and Econometric Convergence Tests," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 75(6), pages 1771-1855, November.
    32. Payne, James E. & Vizek, Maruška & Lee, Junsoo, 2017. "Stochastic convergence in per capita fossil fuel consumption in U.S. states," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 382-395.
    33. Yihua Yu & Yonghui Zhang & Feng Song, 2015. "World energy intensity revisited: a cluster analysis," Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 22(14), pages 1158-1169, September.
    34. Le, Thai-Ha & Chang, Youngho & Park, Donghyun, 2017. "Energy demand convergence in APEC: An empirical analysis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 32-41.
    35. Ekaterini Panopoulou & Theologos Pantelidis, 2009. "Club Convergence in Carbon Dioxide Emissions," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 44(1), pages 47-70, September.
    36. Herrerias, M.J. & Aller, Carlos & Ordóñez, Javier, 2017. "Residential energy consumption: A convergence analysis across Chinese regions," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 371-381.
    37. Payne, James E. & Vizek, Maruška & Lee, Junsoo, 2017. "Is there convergence in per capita renewable energy consumption across U.S. States? Evidence from LM and RALS-LM unit root tests with breaks," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 715-728.
    38. Romero-Ávila, Diego, 2008. "Convergence in carbon dioxide emissions among industrialised countries revisited," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 30(5), pages 2265-2282, September.
    39. repec:dau:papers:123456789/6801 is not listed on IDEAS
    40. Dayong Zhang & David C. Broadstock, 2016. "Club Convergence in the Energy Intensity of China," The Energy Journal, , vol. 37(3), pages 137-158, July.
    41. Joseph E. Aldy, 2007. "Divergence in State-Level Per Capita Carbon Dioxide Emissions," Land Economics, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 83(3), pages 353-369.
    42. Parker, Steven & Liddle, Brant, 2017. "Analysing energy productivity dynamics in the OECD manufacturing sector," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 91-97.
    43. Nicholas Apergis & Christina Christou, 2016. "Energy productivity convergence: new evidence from club converging," Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 23(2), pages 142-145, February.
    44. Liddle, Brantley, 2010. "Revisiting world energy intensity convergence for regional differences," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 87(10), pages 3218-3225, October.
    45. Bhattacharya, Mita & Inekwe, John Nkwoma & Sadorsky, Perry & Saha, Anjan, 2018. "Convergence of energy productivity across Indian states and territories," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 427-440.
    46. Lo, Kevin, 2014. "A critical review of China's rapidly developing renewable energy and energy efficiency policies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 508-516.
    47. Herrerias, M.J., 2013. "The environmental convergence hypothesis: Carbon dioxide emissions according to the source of energy," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 1140-1150.
    48. Narayan, Paresh Kumar & Smyth, Russell, 2005. "The residential demand for electricity in Australia: an application of the bounds testing approach to cointegration," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 33(4), pages 467-474, March.
    49. Apergis, Nicholas & Lau, Marco Chi Keung, 2015. "Structural breaks and electricity prices: Further evidence on the role of climate policy uncertainties in the Australian electricity market," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 52(PA), pages 176-182.
    50. Apergis, Nicholas & Fontini, Fulvio & Inchauspe, Julian, 2017. "Integration of regional electricity markets in Australia: A price convergence assessment," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 411-418.
    51. Mohammadi, Hassan & Ram, Rati, 2012. "Cross-country convergence in energy and electricity consumption, 1971–2007," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 34(6), pages 1882-1887.
    52. John List, 1999. "Have Air Pollutant Emissions Converged Amongst U.S. Regions?," Natural Field Experiments 00528, The Field Experiments Website.
    53. Awaworyi Churchill, Sefa & Inekwe, John & Ivanovski, Kris, 2018. "Conditional convergence in per capita carbon emissions since 1900," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C), pages 916-927.
    54. Narayan, Paresh Kumar & Smyth, Russell, 2005. "Electricity consumption, employment and real income in Australia evidence from multivariate Granger causality tests," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 33(9), pages 1109-1116, June.
    55. Meng, Ming & Payne, James E. & Lee, Junsoo, 2013. "Convergence in per capita energy use among OECD countries," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 36(C), pages 536-545.
    56. Karimu, Amin & Brännlund, Runar & Lundgren, Tommy & Söderholm, Patrik, 2017. "Energy intensity and convergence in Swedish industry: A combined econometric and decomposition analysis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 347-356.
    57. Ma, Le & Hosseini, M. Reza & Jiang, Weiling & Martek, Igor & Mills, Anthony, 2018. "Energy productivity convergence within the Australian construction industry: A panel data study," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 313-320.
    58. John A. List, 1999. "Have Air Pollutant Emissions Converged Among U.S. Regions? Evidence from Unit Root Tests," Southern Economic Journal, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 66(1), pages 144-155, July.
    59. Apergis, Nicholas & Payne, James E., 2017. "Per capita carbon dioxide emissions across U.S. states by sector and fossil fuel source: Evidence from club convergence tests," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 365-372.
    60. Dan Ben-David, 1993. "Equalizing Exchange: Trade Liberalization and Income Convergence," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 108(3), pages 653-679.
    61. Markandya, Anil & Pedroso-Galinato, Suzette & Streimikiene, Dalia, 2006. "Energy intensity in transition economies: Is there convergence towards the EU average?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 28(1), pages 121-145, January.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Mar'ia Jos'e Presno & Manuel Landajo, 2024. "EU-28's progress towards the 2020 renewable energy share. A club convergence analysis," Papers 2402.00788, arXiv.org.
    2. Simionescu, Mihaela, 2022. "Stochastic convergence in per capita energy use in the EU-15 countries. The role of economic growth," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 322(C).
    3. Awaworyi Churchill, Sefa & Inekwe, John & Ivanovski, Kris & Smyth, Russell, 2020. "The Environmental Kuznets Curve across Australian states and territories," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 90(C).
    4. Shi, Yupeng & Wang, Yao, 2024. "Possibilities for mitigating the Matthew effect in low-carbon development: Insights from convergence analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 289(C).
    5. Delgado, Francisco J. & Freire-González, Jaume & Presno, Maria J., 2022. "Environmental taxation in the European Union: Are there common trends?," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 670-682.
    6. Bhattacharya, Mita & Inekwe, John N. & Sadorsky, Perry, 2020. "Convergence of energy productivity in Australian states and territories: Determinants and forecasts," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 85(C).
    7. Alfredo Cabezas-Ares & María Jesús Delgado-Rodríguez & Sonia de Lucas-Santos, 2020. "The Dynamics of Cyclical Convergence and Decoupling in the Environmental Performance of Spanish Regions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(20), pages 1-14, October.
    8. Zhao, Zhenyu & Zhang, Yao & Yang, Yujia & Yuan, Shuguang, 2022. "Load forecasting via Grey Model-Least Squares Support Vector Machine model and spatial-temporal distribution of electric consumption intensity," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 255(C).
    9. Marrero, Ángel S. & Marrero, Gustavo A. & González, Rosa Marina & Rodríguez-López, Jesús, 2021. "Convergence in road transport CO2 emissions in Europe," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 99(C).
    10. He, Weijun & Chen, Hao, 2022. "Will China's provincial per capita energy consumption converge to a common level over 1990–2017? Evidence from a club convergence approach," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 249(C).
    11. Michael Cary, 2019. "Increasing Access to Clean Fuels and Clean Technologies: A Club Convergence Approach," Clean Technol., MDPI, vol. 1(1), pages 1-18, September.
    12. Kris Ivanovski & Sefa Awaworyi Churchill, 2021. "Has healthcare expenditure converged across Australian states and territories?," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 61(6), pages 3401-3417, December.
    13. Loureiro, Jose Roberto & Inchauspe, Julian & Aguilera, Roberto F., 2023. "World regional natural gas prices: Convergence, divergence or what? New evidence," Journal of Commodity Markets, Elsevier, vol. 32(C).
    14. Salman, Muhammad & Zha, Donglan & Wang, Guimei, 2022. "Assessment of energy poverty convergence: A global analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 255(C).
    15. Castellanos-Sosa, Francisco A. & Cabral, René & Mollick, André Varella, 2022. "Energy reform and energy consumption convergence in Mexico: A spatial approach," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 336-350.
    16. Weidong Li & Xuefang Wang & Olli-Pekka Hilmola, 2020. "Does High-Speed Railway Influence Convergence of Urban-Rural Income Gap in China?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-14, May.
    17. Zhang, Shaobin & Shi, Baofeng & Ji, Hao, 2023. "How to decouple income growth from household carbon emissions: A perspective based on urban-rural differences in China," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 125(C).
    18. Romero-Ávila, Diego & Omay, Tolga, 2022. "Convergence of per capita energy consumption around the world: New evidence from nonlinear panel unit root tests," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 111(C).
    19. Zhu, Junpeng & Lin, Boqiang, 2020. "Convergence analysis of city-level energy intensity in China," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 139(C).
    20. Bangjun, Wang & Linyu, Cui & Feng, Ji & Yue, Wang, 2023. "Research on club convergence effect and its influencing factors of per capita energy consumption: Evidence from the data of 243 prefecture-level cities in China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PB).
    21. Taştan, Hüseyin & Yıldız, Hakan, 2023. "Club convergence analysis of city-level electricity consumption in Turkey," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 265(C).
    22. Peng, Hua-Rong & Tan, Xiujie & Managi, Shunsuke & Taghizadeh-Hesary, Farhad, 2022. "Club convergence in energy efficiency of Belt and Road Initiative countries: The role of China’s outward foreign direct investment," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).
    23. Ivanovski, Kris & Awaworyi Churchill, Sefa, 2020. "Convergence and determinants of greenhouse gas emissions in Australia: A regional analysis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 92(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Liu, Tie-Ying & Lee, Chien-Chiang, 2020. "Convergence of the world’s energy use," Resource and Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 62(C).
    2. Payne, James E. & Vizek, Maruška & Lee, Junsoo, 2017. "Is there convergence in per capita renewable energy consumption across U.S. States? Evidence from LM and RALS-LM unit root tests with breaks," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 715-728.
    3. Romero-Ávila, Diego & Omay, Tolga, 2022. "Convergence of per capita energy consumption around the world: New evidence from nonlinear panel unit root tests," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 111(C).
    4. Mishra, Vinod & Smyth, Russell, 2017. "Conditional convergence in Australia's energy consumption at the sector level," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 396-403.
    5. Payne, James E. & Vizek, Maruška & Lee, Junsoo, 2017. "Stochastic convergence in per capita fossil fuel consumption in U.S. states," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 382-395.
    6. Jianhuan Huang & Yantuan Yu & Chunbo Ma, 2018. "Energy Efficiency Convergence in China: Catch-Up, Lock-In and Regulatory Uniformity," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 70(1), pages 107-130, May.
    7. Bhattacharya, Mita & Inekwe, John Nkwoma & Sadorsky, Perry & Saha, Anjan, 2018. "Convergence of energy productivity across Indian states and territories," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 427-440.
    8. Fallahi, Firouz, 2017. "Stochastic convergence in per capita energy use in world," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 228-239.
    9. Parker, Steven & Liddle, Brant, 2017. "Analysing energy productivity dynamics in the OECD manufacturing sector," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 91-97.
    10. Ivanovski, Kris & Awaworyi Churchill, Sefa, 2020. "Convergence and determinants of greenhouse gas emissions in Australia: A regional analysis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 92(C).
    11. Kounetas, Konstantinos Elias, 2018. "Energy consumption and CO2 emissions convergence in European Union member countries. A tonneau des Danaides?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 111-127.
    12. Mohammadi, Hassan & Ram, Rati, 2017. "Convergence in energy consumption per capita across the US states, 1970–2013: An exploration through selected parametric and non-parametric methods," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 404-410.
    13. Awaworyi Churchill, Sefa & Inekwe, John & Ivanovski, Kris, 2020. "Stochastic convergence in per capita CO2 emissions: Evidence from emerging economies, 1921–2014," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 86(C).
    14. Bello, Mufutau Opeyemi & Ch'ng, Kean Siang, 2022. "Convergence in energy intensity of GDP: Evidence from West African countries," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(PA).
    15. Kim, Young Se, 2015. "Electricity consumption and economic development: Are countries converging to a common trend?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 192-202.
    16. Akram, Vaseem & Rath, Badri Narayan & Sahoo, Pradipta Kumar, 2020. "Stochastic conditional convergence in per capita energy consumption in India," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 224-240.
    17. Parker, Steven & Bhatti, M. Ishaq, 2020. "Dynamics and drivers of per capita CO2 emissions in Asia," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 89(C).
    18. Wang, Na & Fu, Xiaodong & Wang, Shaobin & Yang, Hao & Li, Zhen, 2022. "Convergence characteristics and distribution patterns of residential electricity consumption in China: An urban-rural gap perspective," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(PB).
    19. Wu, Jianxin & Wu, Yanrui & Se Cheong, Tsun & Yu, Yanni, 2018. "Distribution dynamics of energy intensity in Chinese cities," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 211(C), pages 875-889.
    20. Le, Thai-Ha & Chang, Youngho & Park, Donghyun, 2017. "Energy demand convergence in APEC: An empirical analysis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 32-41.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Energy consumption; Club convergence/clustering; Australia;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C50 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric Modeling - - - General
    • Q40 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Energy - - - General

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:eneeco:v:76:y:2018:i:c:p:519-531. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/eneco .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.