IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/chsofr/v175y2023ip1s0960077923009098.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Appearance of chaos and bi-stability in a fear induced delayed predator–prey system: A mathematical modeling study

Author

Listed:
  • Sahu, S.R.
  • Raw, S.N.

Abstract

Since many years ago, it has been only a priori assumption that the diversity of ecological demography is largely influenced by the direct interactions of predator and prey species. But over the years, it has also been recognized that an indirect effect can also affect the system more strongly. The effect of fear on prey species is that it restricts physical activities and feeding times of prey thereby reducing interactions with their predators and leading to an intraspecific competition among predators. By these motives, we investigate a delay-induced model inducing fear of predators on the prey population. Existence of feasible steady points, well posedness of the solutions, local & global stability, subcritical & supercritical bifurcation are well presented. The results show that predator fear reduces both prey and predator populations, but does not affect the steady state of the system. As delay increases within a specific range, it changes the dynamics of the system in a stable–unstable–stable sequences. A small delay shifts an unstable interior equilibrium to a predator-free stable equilibrium. The main result of this study is that a large delay produces chaotic dynamics when cost of fear is high and prey birth is low, whereas a small delay creates bi-stable dynamics when cost of fear is low and prey birth is high. Furthermore, by increasing the competitiveness among the predators, the chaos can be completely controlled. We examine that small fear has a greater effect while relatively large fear has less effect. Delay parameter is responsible for appearing stability switch more than once. Extensive numerical simulations are also carried out for various parameters.

Suggested Citation

  • Sahu, S.R. & Raw, S.N., 2023. "Appearance of chaos and bi-stability in a fear induced delayed predator–prey system: A mathematical modeling study," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 175(P1).
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:chsofr:v:175:y:2023:i:p1:s0960077923009098
    DOI: 10.1016/j.chaos.2023.114008
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960077923009098
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.chaos.2023.114008?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Fangyuan Hua & Kathryn E. Sieving & Robert J. Fletcher & Chloe A. Wright, 2014. "Increased perception of predation risk to adults and offspring alters avian reproductive strategy and performance," Behavioral Ecology, International Society for Behavioral Ecology, vol. 25(3), pages 509-519.
    2. Zhang, Huisen & Cai, Yongli & Fu, Shengmao & Wang, Weiming, 2019. "Impact of the fear effect in a prey-predator model incorporating a prey refuge," Applied Mathematics and Computation, Elsevier, vol. 356(C), pages 328-337.
    3. Pati, N.C. & Ghosh, Bapan, 2022. "Delayed carrying capacity induced subcritical and supercritical Hopf bifurcations in a predator–prey system," Mathematics and Computers in Simulation (MATCOM), Elsevier, vol. 195(C), pages 171-196.
    4. Panday, Pijush & Samanta, Sudip & Pal, Nikhil & Chattopadhyay, Joydev, 2020. "Delay induced multiple stability switch and chaos in a predator–prey model with fear effect," Mathematics and Computers in Simulation (MATCOM), Elsevier, vol. 172(C), pages 134-158.
    5. Duan, Daifeng & Niu, Ben & Wei, Junjie, 2019. "Hopf-Hopf bifurcation and chaotic attractors in a delayed diffusive predator-prey model with fear effect," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 123(C), pages 206-216.
    6. Evan L Preisser & Daniel I Bolnick, 2008. "The Many Faces of Fear: Comparing the Pathways and Impacts of Nonconsumptive Predator Effects on Prey Populations," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 3(6), pages 1-8, June.
    7. Justin P. Suraci & Michael Clinchy & Lawrence M. Dill & Devin Roberts & Liana Y. Zanette, 2016. "Fear of large carnivores causes a trophic cascade," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 7(1), pages 1-7, April.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Kumbhakar, Ruma & Hossain, Mainul & Pal, Nikhil, 2024. "Dynamics of a two-prey one-predator model with fear and group defense: A study in parameter planes," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 179(C).
    2. Tiwari, Vandana & Tripathi, Jai Prakash & Mishra, Swati & Upadhyay, Ranjit Kumar, 2020. "Modeling the fear effect and stability of non-equilibrium patterns in mutually interfering predator–prey systems," Applied Mathematics and Computation, Elsevier, vol. 371(C).
    3. Dubey, Balram & Sajan, & Kumar, Ankit, 2021. "Stability switching and chaos in a multiple delayed prey–predator model with fear effect and anti-predator behavior," Mathematics and Computers in Simulation (MATCOM), Elsevier, vol. 188(C), pages 164-192.
    4. Liu, Junli & Liu, Bairu & Lv, Pan & Zhang, Tailei, 2021. "An eco-epidemiological model with fear effect and hunting cooperation," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 142(C).
    5. Panday, Pijush & Samanta, Sudip & Pal, Nikhil & Chattopadhyay, Joydev, 2020. "Delay induced multiple stability switch and chaos in a predator–prey model with fear effect," Mathematics and Computers in Simulation (MATCOM), Elsevier, vol. 172(C), pages 134-158.
    6. Das, Meghadri & Samanta, G.P., 2020. "A delayed fractional order food chain model with fear effect and prey refuge," Mathematics and Computers in Simulation (MATCOM), Elsevier, vol. 178(C), pages 218-245.
    7. Mukherjee, Debasis, 2020. "Role of fear in predator–prey system with intraspecific competition," Mathematics and Computers in Simulation (MATCOM), Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 263-275.
    8. Kaur, Rajinder Pal & Sharma, Amit & Sharma, Anuj Kumar, 2021. "Impact of fear effect on plankton-fish system dynamics incorporating zooplankton refuge," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 143(C).
    9. Umrao, Anuj Kumar & Roy, Subarna & Tiwari, Pankaj Kumar & Srivastava, Prashant K., 2024. "Dynamical behaviors of autonomous and nonautonomous models of generalist predator–prey system with fear, mutual interference and nonlinear harvesting," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 183(C).
    10. Hossain, Mainul & Pal, Nikhil & Samanta, Sudip, 2020. "Impact of fear on an eco-epidemiological model," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 134(C).
    11. Seralan Vinoth & R. Vadivel & Nien-Tsu Hu & Chin-Sheng Chen & Nallappan Gunasekaran, 2023. "Bifurcation Analysis in a Harvested Modified Leslie–Gower Model Incorporated with the Fear Factor and Prey Refuge," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 11(14), pages 1-25, July.
    12. Zhenglong Chen & Shunjie Li & Xuebing Zhang, 2022. "Analysis of a Delayed Reaction-Diffusion Predator–Prey System with Fear Effect and Anti-Predator Behaviour," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 10(18), pages 1-20, September.
    13. Yousef, Fatma Bozkurt & Yousef, Ali & Maji, Chandan, 2021. "Effects of fear in a fractional-order predator-prey system with predator density-dependent prey mortality," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 145(C).
    14. Nirapada Santra & Sudeshna Mondal & Guruprasad Samanta, 2022. "Complex Dynamics of a Predator–Prey Interaction with Fear Effect in Deterministic and Fluctuating Environments," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 10(20), pages 1-38, October.
    15. Banamali Maji & Samares Pal, 2022. "Impact of fear effect exerted by Pterois volitans on a coral reef ecosystem with parrotfish refuge and harvesting of both fishes," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 24(2), pages 2267-2287, February.
    16. Liang, Ziwei & Meng, Xinyou, 2023. "Stability and Hopf bifurcation of a multiple delayed predator–prey system with fear effect, prey refuge and Crowley–Martin function," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 175(P1).
    17. Sun, Xiuli, 2023. "Dynamics of a diffusive predator–prey model with nonlocal fear effect," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 177(C).
    18. Li, Yajing & He, Mengxin & Li, Zhong, 2022. "Dynamics of a ratio-dependent Leslie–Gower predator–prey model with Allee effect and fear effect," Mathematics and Computers in Simulation (MATCOM), Elsevier, vol. 201(C), pages 417-439.
    19. Ma, Tingting & Meng, Xinzhu & Hayat, Tasawar & Hobiny, Aatef, 2021. "Stability analysis and optimal harvesting control of a cross-diffusion prey-predator system," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 152(C).
    20. Chen, Mengxin & Zheng, Qianqian, 2023. "Steady state bifurcation of a population model with chemotaxis," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 609(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:chsofr:v:175:y:2023:i:p1:s0960077923009098. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Thayer, Thomas R. (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.journals.elsevier.com/chaos-solitons-and-fractals .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.