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Production of ethyl ester from esterified crude palm oil by microwave with dry washing by bleaching earth

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  • Suppalakpanya, K.
  • Ratanawilai, S.B.
  • Tongurai, C.

Abstract

The production of ethyl ester from a feed material of esterified crude palm oil with 1.7Â wt% of free fatty acid (FFA) content using microwave heating was investigated. Parametric studies were carried out to investigate the optimum conditions for the transesterification process (amount of ethanol, amount of catalyst and reaction time). As a result, optimum reaction parameters for the transesterification process aided by microwave heating have been identified: a molar ratio of oil to ethanol of 1:8.5, 1.5Â wt% of KOH/oil, a reaction time of 5Â min and a microwave power of 70Â W. Glycerin from the ester phase was separated by adding 10Â wt% of pure glycerin. The ethyl ester was purified with 1.2Â wt% of bleaching earth to remove the residual catalyst and residual glycerin. This transesterification process provided a yield of 85Â wt% with an ester content of 98.1Â wt%. The final ethyl ester product met the specifications stipulated by ASTM D6751-02.

Suggested Citation

  • Suppalakpanya, K. & Ratanawilai, S.B. & Tongurai, C., 2010. "Production of ethyl ester from esterified crude palm oil by microwave with dry washing by bleaching earth," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 87(7), pages 2356-2359, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:87:y:2010:i:7:p:2356-2359
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    1. Motasemi, F. & Ani, F.N., 2012. "A review on microwave-assisted production of biodiesel," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 16(7), pages 4719-4733.
    2. Muppaneni, Tapaswy & Reddy, Harvind K. & Patil, Prafulla D. & Dailey, Peter & Aday, Curtis & Deng, Shuguang, 2012. "Ethanolysis of camelina oil under supercritical condition with hexane as a co-solvent," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 84-88.
    3. Gülüm, Mert & Bilgin, Atilla, 2018. "A comprehensive study on measurement and prediction of viscosity of biodiesel-diesel-alcohol ternary blends," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 148(C), pages 341-361.
    4. Nayak, Sheetal N. & Bhasin, Chandra Prakash & Nayak, Milap G., 2019. "A review on microwave-assisted transesterification processes using various catalytic and non-catalytic systems," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 143(C), pages 1366-1387.
    5. Veljković, Vlada B. & Banković-Ilić, Ivana B. & Stamenković, Olivera S., 2015. "Purification of crude biodiesel obtained by heterogeneously-catalyzed transesterification," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 500-516.
    6. Stojković, Ivan J. & Stamenković, Olivera S. & Povrenović, Dragan S. & Veljković, Vlada B., 2014. "Purification technologies for crude biodiesel obtained by alkali-catalyzed transesterification," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 32(C), pages 1-15.
    7. Atadashi, I.M. & Aroua, M.K. & Aziz, A.R. Abdul & Sulaiman, N.M.N., 2011. "Refining technologies for the purification of crude biodiesel," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(12), pages 4239-4251.
    8. Gernot Pehnelt & Christoph Vietze, 2013. "Recalculating GHG emissions saving of palm oil biodiesel," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 15(2), pages 429-479, April.
    9. Chen, Kang-Shin & Lin, Yuan-Chung & Hsu, Kuo-Hsiang & Wang, Hsin-Kai, 2012. "Improving biodiesel yields from waste cooking oil by using sodium methoxide and a microwave heating system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 38(1), pages 151-156.
    10. Lin, Lin & Cunshan, Zhou & Vittayapadung, Saritporn & Xiangqian, Shen & Mingdong, Dong, 2011. "Opportunities and challenges for biodiesel fuel," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(4), pages 1020-1031, April.
    11. Castanheira, Érica Geraldes & Acevedo, Helmer & Freire, Fausto, 2014. "Greenhouse gas intensity of palm oil produced in Colombia addressing alternative land use change and fertilization scenarios," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 958-967.
    12. Li, Qiang & Xu, Jingyang & Du, Wei & Li, Yang & Liu, Dehua, 2013. "Ethanol as the acyl acceptor for biodiesel production," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 25(C), pages 742-748.
    13. Gernot Pehnelt & Christoph Vietze, 2011. "Recalculating Default Values for Palm Oil," Jena Economics Research Papers 2011-037, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena.
    14. Long, Yun-Duo & Fang, Zhen & Su, Tong-Chao & Yang, Qing, 2014. "Co-production of biodiesel and hydrogen from rapeseed and Jatropha oils with sodium silicate and Ni catalysts," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 1819-1825.

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