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Decentralized frequency restoration and stability enhancement for virtual synchronous machines at economic dispatch in islanded microgrid

Author

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  • Sati, Shraf Eldin
  • Al-Durra, Ahmed
  • Zeineldin, Hatem H.
  • EL-Fouly, Tarek H.M.
  • El-Saadany, Ehab F.

Abstract

Embedding incremental cost (IC) function into the primary control layer of dispatchable virtual synchronous machines (VSMs) enables decentralized economic dispatch (ED) within autonomous microgrids (μGrids). This integration minimizes generation costs and provides virtual inertia, enhancing frequency stability. However, it introduces persistent frequency deviations due to the decentralized nature of the model, necessitating secondary frequency control methods to address the deviation. Existing decentralized secondary frequency control strategies, while capable of addressing these deviations, fail to maintain the ED objective. In response to this challenge, this paper first proposes a practical control framework based on integral controllers for grid-forming VSMs. The goal is to restore the frequency of an autonomous μGrid in a decentralized manner while achieving ED. Although the proposed controllers effectively maintain ED, a small, controllable frequency error must be preserved to sustain decentralized ED. Secondly, the paper proposes a dynamic reactive power control loop to enhance μGrid stability while retaining the dynamic characteristics of VSMs. Comprehensive small-signal stability analyses are conducted under various conditions to verify improvements in the stability margin. The efficacy of the proposed scheme is validated through extensive time-domain simulations and control-in-loop real-time OPAL-RT simulator tested on the IEEE 38-node μGrid.

Suggested Citation

  • Sati, Shraf Eldin & Al-Durra, Ahmed & Zeineldin, Hatem H. & EL-Fouly, Tarek H.M. & El-Saadany, Ehab F., 2025. "Decentralized frequency restoration and stability enhancement for virtual synchronous machines at economic dispatch in islanded microgrid," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 377(PB).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:377:y:2025:i:pb:s0306261924019275
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124544
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Hamad, Basil R. & Al-Durra, Ahmed & Al-Jaafari, Khaled Ali & Zeineldin, Hatem & Mohamed, Yasser Abdel-Rady I. & El-Saadany, Ehab, 2024. "Improving the robustness of distributed secondary control in autonomous microgrids to mitigate the effects of communication delays," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 364(C).
    2. Oshnoei, Soroush & Aghamohammadi, Mohammad Reza & Oshnoei, Siavash & Sahoo, Subham & Fathollahi, Arman & Khooban, Mohammad Hasan, 2023. "A novel virtual inertia control strategy for frequency regulation of islanded microgrid using two-layer multiple model predictive control," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 343(C).
    3. Kweon, Junho & Jing, Hang & Li, Yan & Monga, Vishal, 2024. "Small-signal stability enhancement of islanded microgrids via domain-enriched optimization," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 353(PB).
    4. Huang, Lei & Sun, Wei & Li, Qiyue & Li, Weitao, 2023. "Distributed real-time economic dispatch for islanded microgrids with dynamic power demand," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 342(C).
    5. Naderi, Mobin & Khayat, Yousef & Shafiee, Qobad & Blaabjerg, Frede & Bevrani, Hassan, 2023. "Dynamic modeling, stability analysis and control of interconnected microgrids: A review," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 334(C).
    6. Gong, Xun & Wang, Xiaozhe, 2023. "A novel Koopman-inspired method for the secondary control of microgrids with grid-forming and grid-following sources," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 333(C).
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