IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/appene/v377y2025ipbs0306261924019007.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Optimal planning and management of the energy–water–carbon nexus in hybrid AC/DC microgrids for sustainable development of remote communities

Author

Listed:
  • Valencia-Díaz, Alejandro
  • Toro, Eliana M.
  • Hincapié, Ricardo A.

Abstract

This paper presents a two-stage stochastic mixed-integer nonlinear programming model, which is linearized to a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) form, for optimizing the energy–water–carbon (EWC) nexus in remote AC/DC microgrids aimed at sustainable community development. The model optimizes the selection, location, and operation of diesel generators, voltage source converters, photovoltaic systems, wind turbines, and battery energy storage systems while managing CO2 emissions. It accurately models the AC/DC microgrid’s operation, determining optimal voltages, currents, and converter states (inverter or rectifier). Uncertainties in power demand, water consumption, solar irradiation, and wind speed are modeled using stochastic scenarios generated via k-means clustering. The MILP model is implemented in GAMS and solved with the commercial solver CPLEX, ensuring global optimization. Results show that integrating distributed energy resources, compared to a case without these elements, reduces CO2 emissions of the diesel generators and the operational costs of the EWC nexus, highlighting the proposed approach’s environmental and economic benefits. These findings underline the importance of incorporating distributed energy resources in the sustainable development of microgrids.

Suggested Citation

  • Valencia-Díaz, Alejandro & Toro, Eliana M. & Hincapié, Ricardo A., 2025. "Optimal planning and management of the energy–water–carbon nexus in hybrid AC/DC microgrids for sustainable development of remote communities," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 377(PB).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:377:y:2025:i:pb:s0306261924019007
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124517
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261924019007
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124517?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Kim, Jungbin & Park, Kiho & Yang, Dae Ryook & Hong, Seungkwan, 2019. "A comprehensive review of energy consumption of seawater reverse osmosis desalination plants," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(C).
    2. Zhang, Wei & Valencia, Andrea & Gu, Lixing & Zheng, Qipeng P. & Chang, Ni-Bin, 2020. "Integrating emerging and existing renewable energy technologies into a community-scale microgrid in an energy-water nexus for resilience improvement," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 279(C).
    3. Gerber, Daniel L. & Liou, Richard & Brown, Richard, 2019. "Energy-saving opportunities of direct-DC loads in buildings," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 248(C), pages 274-287.
    4. Mehrjerdi, Hasan, 2020. "Modeling and optimization of an island water-energy nexus powered by a hybrid solar-wind renewable system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 197(C).
    5. Abunima, Hamza & Park, Woan-Ho & Glick, Mark B. & Kim, Yun-Su, 2022. "Two-Stage stochastic optimization for operating a Renewable-Based Microgrid," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 325(C).
    6. Rodriguez, Mauricio & Arcos-Aviles, Diego & Guinjoan, Francesc, 2024. "Simple fuzzy logic-based energy management for power exchange in isolated multi-microgrid systems: A case study in a remote community in the Amazon region of Ecuador," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 357(C).
    7. Lotfi, Hossein & Khodaei, Amin, 2017. "Hybrid AC/DC microgrid planning," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 37-46.
    8. Rani, Preeti & Parkash, Ved & Sharma, Naveen Kumar, 2024. "Technological aspects, utilization and impact on power system for distributed generation: A comprehensive survey," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 192(C).
    9. Moazeni, Faegheh & Khazaei, Javad, 2020. "Dynamic economic dispatch of islanded water-energy microgrids with smart building thermal energy management system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 276(C).
    10. Staffell, Iain & Pfenninger, Stefan, 2016. "Using bias-corrected reanalysis to simulate current and future wind power output," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 1224-1239.
    11. Padrón, Isidro & Avila, Deivis & Marichal, Graciliano N. & Rodríguez, José A., 2019. "Assessment of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems to supplied energy to Autonomous Desalination Systems in two islands of the Canary Archipelago," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 221-230.
    12. Esmaeil Ahmadi & Benjamin McLellan & Seiichi Ogata & Behnam Mohammadi-Ivatloo & Tetsuo Tezuka, 2020. "An Integrated Planning Framework for Sustainable Water and Energy Supply," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-37, May.
    13. Mohammad Asghari & Amir M. Fathollahi-Fard & S. M. J. Mirzapour Al-e-hashem & Maxim A. Dulebenets, 2022. "Transformation and Linearization Techniques in Optimization: A State-of-the-Art Survey," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 10(2), pages 1-26, January.
    14. Hipólito-Valencia, Brígido J. & Mosqueda-Jiménez, Francisco Waldemar & Barajas-Fernández, Juan & Ponce-Ortega, José M., 2021. "Incorporating a seawater desalination scheme in the optimal water use in agricultural activities," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 244(C).
    15. Gaona, E.E. & Trujillo, C.L. & Guacaneme, J.A., 2015. "Rural microgrids and its potential application in Colombia," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 125-137.
    16. Khan, Meer A.M. & Rehman, S. & Al-Sulaiman, Fahad A., 2018. "A hybrid renewable energy system as a potential energy source for water desalination using reverse osmosis: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 456-477.
    17. Pfenninger, Stefan & Staffell, Iain, 2016. "Long-term patterns of European PV output using 30 years of validated hourly reanalysis and satellite data," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 1251-1265.
    18. Iraj Faraji Davoudkhani & Farhad Zishan & Saeedeh Mansouri & Farzad Abdollahpour & Luis Fernando Grisales-Noreña & Oscar Danilo Montoya, 2023. "Allocation of Renewable Energy Resources in Distribution Systems While Considering the Uncertainty of Wind and Solar Resources via the Multi-Objective Salp Swarm Algorithm," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-17, January.
    19. Baringo, L. & Conejo, A.J., 2013. "Correlated wind-power production and electric load scenarios for investment decisions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 475-482.
    20. Mennatalla Elbalki & Mostafa F. Shaaban & Ahmed Osman & Ariana Pietrasanta & Mohammed Kamil & Abdelfatah Ali, 2024. "Optimizing Integrated Water and Electrical Networks through a Holistic Water–Energy Nexus Approach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(9), pages 1-22, April.
    21. Zhang, Weiping & Maleki, Akbar, 2022. "Modeling and optimization of a stand-alone desalination plant powered by solar/wind energies based on back-up systems using a hybrid algorithm," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(PC).
    22. Haghighat Mamaghani, Alireza & Avella Escandon, Sebastian Alberto & Najafi, Behzad & Shirazi, Ali & Rinaldi, Fabio, 2016. "Techno-economic feasibility of photovoltaic, wind, diesel and hybrid electrification systems for off-grid rural electrification in Colombia," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 293-305.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Andrés Henao-Muñoz & Andrés Saavedra-Montes & Carlos Ramos-Paja, 2018. "Optimal Power Dispatch of Small-Scale Standalone Microgrid Located in Colombian Territory," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(7), pages 1-20, July.
    2. Esmaeil Ahmadi & Benjamin McLellan & Behnam Mohammadi-Ivatloo & Tetsuo Tezuka, 2020. "The Role of Renewable Energy Resources in Sustainability of Water Desalination as a Potential Fresh-Water Source: An Updated Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(13), pages 1-31, June.
    3. Batista, Natasha E. & Carvalho, Paulo C.M. & Fernández-Ramírez, Luis M. & Braga, Arthur P.S., 2023. "Optimizing methodologies of hybrid renewable energy systems powered reverse osmosis plants," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 182(C).
    4. Pfenninger, Stefan, 2017. "Dealing with multiple decades of hourly wind and PV time series in energy models: A comparison of methods to reduce time resolution and the planning implications of inter-annual variability," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 197(C), pages 1-13.
    5. Shahsavari, Ardavan & Vaziri Rad, Mohammad Amin & Pourfayaz, Fathollah & Kasaeian, Alibakhsh, 2022. "Optimal sizing of an integrated CHP and desalination system as a polygeneration plant for supplying rural demands," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 258(C).
    6. de Guibert, Paul & Shirizadeh, Behrang & Quirion, Philippe, 2020. "Variable time-step: A method for improving computational tractability for energy system models with long-term storage," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 213(C).
    7. Marko Hočevar & Lovrenc Novak & Primož Drešar & Gašper Rak, 2022. "The Status Quo and Future of Hydropower in Slovenia," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-13, September.
    8. Yin, Fanglong & Lu, Wang & Ji, Hui & Nie, Songlin & Ma, Zhonghai & Yan, Xiaopeng, 2024. "Multi-objective optimization and energy efficiency improvement for rotor duct in integrated energy recovery-pressure boost device," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 300(C).
    9. Lukas Kriechbaum & Philipp Gradl & Romeo Reichenhauser & Thomas Kienberger, 2020. "Modelling Grid Constraints in a Multi-Energy Municipal Energy System Using Cumulative Exergy Consumption Minimisation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(15), pages 1-23, July.
    10. Steinegger, Josef & Hammer, Andreas & Wallner, Stefan & Kienberger, Thomas, 2024. "Revolutionizing heat distribution: A method for harnessing industrial waste heat with supra-regional district heating networks," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 372(C).
    11. Østergaard, P.A. & Lund, H. & Thellufsen, J.Z. & Sorknæs, P. & Mathiesen, B.V., 2022. "Review and validation of EnergyPLAN," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).
    12. Behrang Shirizadeh, Quentin Perrier, and Philippe Quirion, 2022. "How Sensitive are Optimal Fully Renewable Power Systems to Technology Cost Uncertainty?," The Energy Journal, International Association for Energy Economics, vol. 0(Number 1).
    13. Omoyele, Olalekan & Hoffmann, Maximilian & Koivisto, Matti & Larrañeta, Miguel & Weinand, Jann Michael & Linßen, Jochen & Stolten, Detlef, 2024. "Increasing the resolution of solar and wind time series for energy system modeling: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 189(PB).
    14. Liu, Hailiang & Andresen, Gorm Bruun & Greiner, Martin, 2018. "Cost-optimal design of a simplified highly renewable Chinese electricity network," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 147(C), pages 534-546.
    15. Géremi Gilson Dranka & Paula Ferreira, 2020. "Electric Vehicles and Biofuels Synergies in the Brazilian Energy System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-22, August.
    16. Shirizadeh, Behrang & Quirion, Philippe, 2022. "The importance of renewable gas in achieving carbon-neutrality: Insights from an energy system optimization model," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 255(C).
    17. Zhang, Weiping & Maleki, Akbar, 2022. "Modeling and optimization of a stand-alone desalination plant powered by solar/wind energies based on back-up systems using a hybrid algorithm," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(PC).
    18. Liu, Hailiang & Brown, Tom & Andresen, Gorm Bruun & Schlachtberger, David P. & Greiner, Martin, 2019. "The role of hydro power, storage and transmission in the decarbonization of the Chinese power system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(C), pages 1308-1321.
    19. Laura Canale & Anna Rita Di Fazio & Mario Russo & Andrea Frattolillo & Marco Dell’Isola, 2021. "An Overview on Functional Integration of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems in Multi-Energy Buildings," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-33, February.
    20. Elena Helerea & Marius D. Calin & Cristian Musuroi, 2023. "Water Energy Nexus and Energy Transition—A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-31, February.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:377:y:2025:i:pb:s0306261924019007. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/405891/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.