IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/appene/v331y2023ics0306261922016385.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

A constrained DRL-based bi-level coordinated method for large-scale EVs charging

Author

Listed:
  • Ming, Fangzhu
  • Gao, Feng
  • Liu, Kun
  • Li, Xingqi

Abstract

With the vigorous development of battery electric vehicles (BEVs), BEVs’ charging scheduling is essential for better economy and safety. In this paper, we aim to minimize the electricity purchasing cost considering a large number of BEVs and distributed energy. This problem is challenging to get the optimal charging policy due to a large number of uncertainties and dimension disasters caused by a large scale of BEVs and renewable energy. To meet these challenges, we propose an improved bi-level schedule framework, which decomposes the primal problem into two sub-problems to reduce the computational complexity and designs a communication mechanism to ensure the consistency of optimality between different levels. Then the problem is modeled as constrained multi-level Markov decision processes (CMMDP). In the upper level, a constrained deep reinforcement learning method (CDRL) is proposed to get the total charging or discharging energy of BEV groups. An action constraint module is constructed to ensure the feasibility of chosen actions and a novel reward shaping function is designed to optimize action selection. In the lower level, an optimal descending order charging policy (DOCP) is taken to fast decide the charging or discharging behavior for each BEV based on the upper level’s decision. Numerical experiments show that our method has obvious superiority in training efficiency and solution accuracy compared with state of art DRL methods, and reduces the cost by 12% to 28% compared with an experience charging policy.

Suggested Citation

  • Ming, Fangzhu & Gao, Feng & Liu, Kun & Li, Xingqi, 2023. "A constrained DRL-based bi-level coordinated method for large-scale EVs charging," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 331(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:331:y:2023:i:c:s0306261922016385
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.120381
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261922016385
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.120381?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Paolo Scarabaggio & Raffaele Carli & Graziana Cavone & Mariagrazia Dotoli, 2020. "Smart Control Strategies for Primary Frequency Regulation through Electric Vehicles: A Battery Degradation Perspective," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-19, September.
    2. Nimalsiri, Nanduni I. & Ratnam, Elizabeth L. & Mediwaththe, Chathurika P. & Smith, David B. & Halgamuge, Saman K., 2021. "Coordinated charging and discharging control of electric vehicles to manage supply voltages in distribution networks: Assessing the customer benefit," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 291(C).
    3. Zeynali, Saeed & Nasiri, Nima & Marzband, Mousa & Ravadanegh, Sajad Najafi, 2021. "A hybrid robust-stochastic framework for strategic scheduling of integrated wind farm and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle fleets," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 300(C).
    4. Dorokhova, Marina & Martinson, Yann & Ballif, Christophe & Wyrsch, Nicolas, 2021. "Deep reinforcement learning control of electric vehicle charging in the presence of photovoltaic generation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 301(C).
    5. Zhang, Xingping & Liang, Yanni & Yu, Enhai & Rao, Rao & Xie, Jian, 2017. "Review of electric vehicle policies in China: Content summary and effect analysis," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 698-714.
    6. Su, Jun & Lie, T.T. & Zamora, Ramon, 2020. "A rolling horizon scheduling of aggregated electric vehicles charging under the electricity exchange market," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 275(C).
    7. Guo, Shiliang & Li, Pengpeng & Ma, Kai & Yang, Bo & Yang, Jie, 2022. "Robust energy management for industrial microgrid considering charging and discharging pressure of electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 325(C).
    8. Zhou, Kaile & Cheng, Lexin & Lu, Xinhui & Wen, Lulu, 2020. "Scheduling model of electric vehicles charging considering inconvenience and dynamic electricity prices," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 276(C).
    9. Volodymyr Mnih & Koray Kavukcuoglu & David Silver & Andrei A. Rusu & Joel Veness & Marc G. Bellemare & Alex Graves & Martin Riedmiller & Andreas K. Fidjeland & Georg Ostrovski & Stig Petersen & Charle, 2015. "Human-level control through deep reinforcement learning," Nature, Nature, vol. 518(7540), pages 529-533, February.
    10. Graber, Giuseppe & Calderaro, Vito & Mancarella, Pierluigi & Galdi, Vincenzo, 2020. "Two-stage stochastic sizing and packetized energy scheduling of BEV charging stations with quality of service constraints," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 260(C).
    11. Khaki, Behnam & Chu, Chicheng & Gadh, Rajit, 2019. "Hierarchical distributed framework for EV charging scheduling using exchange problem," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 241(C), pages 461-471.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Hussain, Shahid & Irshad, Reyazur Rashid & Pallonetto, Fabiano & Hussain, Ihtisham & Hussain, Zakir & Tahir, Muhammad & Abimannan, Satheesh & Shukla, Saurabh & Yousif, Adil & Kim, Yun-Su & El-Sayed, H, 2023. "Hybrid coordination scheme based on fuzzy inference mechanism for residential charging of electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 352(C).
    2. Fescioglu-Unver, Nilgun & Yıldız Aktaş, Melike, 2023. "Electric vehicle charging service operations: A review of machine learning applications for infrastructure planning, control, pricing and routing," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 188(C).
    3. Chen, Longxiang & He, Huan & Jing, Rui & Xie, Meina & Ye, Kai, 2024. "Energy management in integrated energy system with electric vehicles as mobile energy storage: An approach using bi-level deep reinforcement learning," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 307(C).
    4. Zhou, Xinlei & Xue, Shan & Du, Han & Ma, Zhenjun, 2023. "Optimization of building demand flexibility using reinforcement learning and rule-based expert systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 350(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Park, Keonwoo & Moon, Ilkyeong, 2022. "Multi-agent deep reinforcement learning approach for EV charging scheduling in a smart grid," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 328(C).
    2. Zhao, Zhonghao & Lee, Carman K.M. & Ren, Jingzheng, 2024. "A two-level charging scheduling method for public electric vehicle charging stations considering heterogeneous demand and nonlinear charging profile," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 355(C).
    3. Tan, Bifei & Chen, Simin & Liang, Zipeng & Zheng, Xiaodong & Zhu, Yanjin & Chen, Haoyong, 2024. "An iteration-free hierarchical method for the energy management of multiple-microgrid systems with renewable energy sources and electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 356(C).
    4. Omar Al-Ani & Sanjoy Das, 2022. "Reinforcement Learning: Theory and Applications in HEMS," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-37, September.
    5. Dimitrios Vamvakas & Panagiotis Michailidis & Christos Korkas & Elias Kosmatopoulos, 2023. "Review and Evaluation of Reinforcement Learning Frameworks on Smart Grid Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(14), pages 1-38, July.
    6. Bagheri Tookanlou, Mahsa & Pourmousavi, S. Ali & Marzband, Mousa, 2023. "A three-layer joint distributionally robust chance-constrained framework for optimal day-ahead scheduling of e-mobility ecosystem," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 331(C).
    7. Qiu, Dawei & Dong, Zihang & Zhang, Xi & Wang, Yi & Strbac, Goran, 2022. "Safe reinforcement learning for real-time automatic control in a smart energy-hub," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 309(C).
    8. Saleh Aghajan-Eshkevari & Sasan Azad & Morteza Nazari-Heris & Mohammad Taghi Ameli & Somayeh Asadi, 2022. "Charging and Discharging of Electric Vehicles in Power Systems: An Updated and Detailed Review of Methods, Control Structures, Objectives, and Optimization Methodologies," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-31, February.
    9. Zhao, Zhonghao & Lee, Carman K.M. & Yan, Xiaoyuan & Wang, Haonan, 2024. "Reinforcement learning for electric vehicle charging scheduling: A systematic review," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 190(C).
    10. Pegah Alaee & Julius Bems & Amjad Anvari-Moghaddam, 2023. "A Review of the Latest Trends in Technical and Economic Aspects of EV Charging Management," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(9), pages 1-28, April.
    11. Liu, Lu & Zhou, Kaile, 2022. "Electric vehicle charging scheduling considering urgent demand under different charging modes," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 249(C).
    12. Qiu, Dawei & Wang, Yi & Hua, Weiqi & Strbac, Goran, 2023. "Reinforcement learning for electric vehicle applications in power systems:A critical review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 173(C).
    13. Wu, Jiabin & Li, Qihang & Bie, Yiming & Zhou, Wei, 2024. "Location-routing optimization problem for electric vehicle charging stations in an uncertain transportation network: An adaptive co-evolutionary clustering algorithm," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 304(C).
    14. Tulika Saha & Sriparna Saha & Pushpak Bhattacharyya, 2020. "Towards sentiment aided dialogue policy learning for multi-intent conversations using hierarchical reinforcement learning," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(7), pages 1-28, July.
    15. Xiong, Siqin & Yuan, Yi & Yao, Jia & Bai, Bo & Ma, Xiaoming, 2023. "Exploring consumer preferences for electric vehicles based on the random coefficient logit model," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PA).
    16. Huang, Youlin & Qian, Lixian, 2021. "Consumer adoption of electric vehicles in alternative business models," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 155(C).
    17. Mahmoud Mahfouz & Angelos Filos & Cyrine Chtourou & Joshua Lockhart & Samuel Assefa & Manuela Veloso & Danilo Mandic & Tucker Balch, 2019. "On the Importance of Opponent Modeling in Auction Markets," Papers 1911.12816, arXiv.org.
    18. Imen Azzouz & Wiem Fekih Hassen, 2023. "Optimization of Electric Vehicles Charging Scheduling Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning: A Decentralized Approach," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(24), pages 1-18, December.
    19. Guo, Shiliang & Li, Pengpeng & Ma, Kai & Yang, Bo & Yang, Jie, 2022. "Robust energy management for industrial microgrid considering charging and discharging pressure of electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 325(C).
    20. Jacob W. Crandall & Mayada Oudah & Tennom & Fatimah Ishowo-Oloko & Sherief Abdallah & Jean-François Bonnefon & Manuel Cebrian & Azim Shariff & Michael A. Goodrich & Iyad Rahwan, 2018. "Cooperating with machines," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 9(1), pages 1-12, December.
      • Abdallah, Sherief & Bonnefon, Jean-François & Cebrian, Manuel & Crandall, Jacob W. & Ishowo-Oloko, Fatimah & Oudah, Mayada & Rahwan, Iyad & Shariff, Azim & Tennom,, 2017. "Cooperating with Machines," TSE Working Papers 17-806, Toulouse School of Economics (TSE).
      • Abdallah, Sherief & Bonnefon, Jean-François & Cebrian, Manuel & Crandall, Jacob W. & Ishowo-Oloko, Fatimah & Oudah, Mayada & Rahwan, Iyad & Shariff, Azim & Tennom,, 2017. "Cooperating with Machines," IAST Working Papers 17-68, Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse (IAST).
      • Jacob Crandall & Mayada Oudah & Fatimah Ishowo-Oloko Tennom & Fatimah Ishowo-Oloko & Sherief Abdallah & Jean-François Bonnefon & Manuel Cebrian & Azim Shariff & Michael Goodrich & Iyad Rahwan, 2018. "Cooperating with machines," Post-Print hal-01897802, HAL.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:331:y:2023:i:c:s0306261922016385. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/405891/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.