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Development of a membrane-less microfluidic thermally regenerative ammonia-based battery towards small-scale low-grade thermal energy recovery

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  • Shi, Yu
  • Li, Yanxiang
  • Zhang, Liang
  • Li, Jun
  • Fu, Qian
  • Zhu, Xun
  • Liao, Qiang

Abstract

Developing low-cost and simple thermally regenerative ammonia-based batteries is a promising method to harvest low-grade waste heat. This paper proposes a membrane-less microfluidic thermally regenerative ammonia-based battery (M-TRAB) for harvesting low-grade waste heat. A liquid–liquid interface is developed by flowing co-laminar streams of anolyte and catholyte in a microchannel. It can replace the anion exchange membrane for separating reactants. A M-TRAB with a flow rate of 1500 μL min−1 obtains the maximum power density of 27 W m−2. The stable output voltage is generated with different flow rates, and the maximum theoretical thermal energy efficiency can reach 1.3% (the relative Carnot efficiency is 14.9%). And the influences of the microchannel length and NH3 concentration on the performance are investigated. Moreover, based on the lower density of anolyte than catholyte, a novel upward-anode structure forms a clearer interface, and almost non-existent ammonia-crossover occurs, especially in a tapered channel. And a maximum power density of 54.8 W m−2 is obtained. It indicates that the low-cost M-TRAB is a potential choice for assistant cooling in small systems.

Suggested Citation

  • Shi, Yu & Li, Yanxiang & Zhang, Liang & Li, Jun & Fu, Qian & Zhu, Xun & Liao, Qiang, 2022. "Development of a membrane-less microfluidic thermally regenerative ammonia-based battery towards small-scale low-grade thermal energy recovery," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 326(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:326:y:2022:i:c:s0306261922012338
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.119976
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Lu, Hongyou & Price, Lynn & Zhang, Qi, 2016. "Capturing the invisible resource: Analysis of waste heat potential in Chinese industry," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 161(C), pages 497-511.
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    Cited by:

    1. An, Yichao & Zhang, Yongsheng & Shi, Yu & Zhang, Liang & Li, Jun & Fu, Qian & Zhu, Xun & Liao, Qiang, 2023. "Alleviated ammonia crossover in thermally regenerative ammonia-based batteries by optimizing the introduced intermediate-chamber," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 349(C).
    2. Cai, Yuhao & Qian, Xin & Su, Ruihang & Jia, Xiongjie & Ying, Jinhui & Zhao, Tianshou & Jiang, Haoran, 2024. "Thermo-electrochemical modeling of thermally regenerative flow batteries," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 355(C).
    3. Shi, Yu & Li, Dong & An, Yichao & Zhang, Liang & Li, Jun & Fu, Qian & Zhu, Xun & Liao, Qiang, 2023. "Power generation enhancement of a membrane-free thermally regenerative battery induced by the density difference of electrolytes," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 344(C).

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