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Charging powers of the electric vehicle fleet: Evolution and implications at commercial charging sites

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  • Simolin, Toni
  • Rauma, Kalle
  • Viri, Riku
  • Mäkinen, Johanna
  • Rautiainen, Antti
  • Järventausta, Pertti

Abstract

Electric vehicle (EV) charging is widely studied in the scientific literature. However, there seems to be a notable research gap regarding the charging power limitations of the on-board chargers of the EVs. In this paper, the present state of the maximum charging powers of the on-board chargers is thoroughly analysed using data from two commercial charging sites. Furthermore, the results of the analysis are used along with an EV fleet development model to form realistic future scenarios, which are then used for a simulation model that couples the charging sessions with measured charging profiles. The results of the simulations show that, due to the evolution of the EV fleet, the average energy consumption in commercial locations will increase by 134% on average from 5.6 to 8.7 kWh/EV to 13.0–19.6 kWh/EV during 2020–2040. Similarly, the peak of the normalized power increases by 77% on average from 1.1 to 1.4 kW/EV to 1.6–2.9 kW/EV. These values are essential to guide long-term decisions such as optimal sizing of charging infrastructure and parking policies.

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  • Simolin, Toni & Rauma, Kalle & Viri, Riku & Mäkinen, Johanna & Rautiainen, Antti & Järventausta, Pertti, 2021. "Charging powers of the electric vehicle fleet: Evolution and implications at commercial charging sites," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 303(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:303:y:2021:i:c:s0306261921010187
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117651
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    1. Zeynali, Saeed & Nasiri, Nima & Ravadanegh, Sajad Najafi & Marzband, Mousa, 2022. "A three-level framework for strategic participation of aggregated electric vehicle-owning households in local electricity and thermal energy markets," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 324(C).
    2. Simolin, Toni & Rauma, Kalle & Rautiainen, Antti & Järventausta, Pertti, 2022. "Increasing charging energy at highly congested commercial charging sites through charging control with load balancing functionality," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 326(C).
    3. Sridharan, S. & Sivakumar, S. & Shanmugasundaram, N. & Swapna, S. & Vasan Prabhu, V., 2023. "A hybrid approach based energy management for building resilience against power outage by shared parking station for EVs," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 216(C).

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