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Evaluating the potential for bio-fuel upgrading: A comprehensive analysis of bio-crude and bio-residue from hydrothermal liquefaction of agricultural biomass

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  • Chand, Rishav
  • Babu Borugadda, Venu
  • Qiu, Michael
  • Dalai, Ajay K.

Abstract

In the present study, three different solvents – ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran and petroleum ether – were used to extract bio-crude from a hydrothermal liquefaction product mixture obtained from canola meal and waste wheat flour. The bio-crude yields and the ease of extraction were compared for each of the solvents to evaluate the efficacy of the solvent-extraction process and to determine the most suitable solvent for the same. Among the three solvents, ethyl acetate was identified as the most favourable option for solvent-extraction. The extraction carried out using ethyl acetate yielded significantly large amounts (bio-crude yield: 31.8 wt%) of an easy-to-handle, high quality bio-crude that is most suitable for further upgrading processes and eventual bio-diesel applications. The bio-crude extracted using ethyl acetate had a higher heating value of 46.0 MJ/kg, an oxygen content of 9.2 wt% and an ash content of 0.1 wt%. The aforementioned bio-crude exhibited the highest oxidation stability at room temperature with an induction period of 86.5 days and had a significant percentage of its compounds in the C13-C24 carbon range. The amounts of nitrogen and sulphur were quite low in all the bio-crude samples. Silica polymorphs such as quartz and α-cristobalite, along with calcium mica, were the dominant phases in all the bio-residue samples. The bio-residue obtained using ethyl acetate had the highest specific surface area (249 m2/g) among the three bio-residue samples with an average pore volume of 0.37 cm3/g and an average pore size of 7 nm.

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  • Chand, Rishav & Babu Borugadda, Venu & Qiu, Michael & Dalai, Ajay K., 2019. "Evaluating the potential for bio-fuel upgrading: A comprehensive analysis of bio-crude and bio-residue from hydrothermal liquefaction of agricultural biomass," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:254:y:2019:i:c:s0306261919313662
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113679
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    2. Wang, Yuzhen & Liu, Zhuan & Wang, Ying & Fang, Changqing & Xu, Donghai & Liu, Liang & Zheng, Xing, 2022. "Catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction of Tetra Pak with Ni-xCe/CNTs," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 261(PB).
    3. Liu, Quan & Zhang, Guanyu & Liu, Mingyang & Kong, Ge & Xu, Ruolan & Han, Lujia & Zhang, Xuesong, 2022. "Fast hydrothermal liquefaction coupled with homogeneous catalysts to valorize livestock manure for enhanced biocrude oil and hydrochar production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 198(C), pages 521-533.
    4. Hui Ming & Xin Yang & Pu Zheng & Yifan Zhang & Haoxin Jiang & Libo Zhang, 2024. "Recent Advances of Solvent Effects in Biomass Liquefaction Conversion," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(12), pages 1-28, June.

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