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Hydrothermal liquefaction of high- and low-lipid algae: Bio-crude oil chemistry

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  • Cheng, Feng
  • Cui, Zheng
  • Chen, Lin
  • Jarvis, Jacqueline
  • Paz, Neil
  • Schaub, Tanner
  • Nirmalakhandan, Nagamany
  • Brewer, Catherine E.

Abstract

The bio-crude oil produced from hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of a high-protein microalgae useful for wastewater treatment, Galdieria sulphuraria, was comprehensively characterized, and compared to that of a high-lipid microalgae useful for biofuel production, Nannochloropsis salina. HTL was conducted in a batch reactor at temperatures of 310–350°C and reaction times of 5–60min. Characterization methods included high-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectroscopy (FT-ICR MS), fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC/MS), proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Milder reaction conditions favored bio-crude oil yield and quality for N. salina, while more severe conditions (350°C) were needed for G. sulphuraria. N. salina-derived bio-crude oil contained mainly C14-C18 fatty acid amides, while G. sulphuraria-derived bio-crude-oil had many N1-3O0-2 hetero-atom compounds. FT-ICR MS showed that the aromaticity of hetero-compounds in N. salina bio-crude oil was higher due to N. salina’s higher carbohydrate content and the tendency of carbohydrate-derived molecules to condense at HTL conditions. FAME-GC/MS and 1H-NMR results showed that stable fatty acid amides increased in G. sulphuraria bio-crude oil at higher temperatures as more protein-derived compounds combined with lipid-derived compounds. While N-containing and high molecular weight compounds are a concern for the upgrading of bio-crude oils obtained from high-protein algal biomass, removal of carbohydrates rather than removal of proteins asa pretreatment to HTL is recommended since carbohydrate-derived compounds are more likely to create highly aromatic hetero-compounds that are much more difficult to upgrade.

Suggested Citation

  • Cheng, Feng & Cui, Zheng & Chen, Lin & Jarvis, Jacqueline & Paz, Neil & Schaub, Tanner & Nirmalakhandan, Nagamany & Brewer, Catherine E., 2017. "Hydrothermal liquefaction of high- and low-lipid algae: Bio-crude oil chemistry," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 206(C), pages 278-292.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:206:y:2017:i:c:p:278-292
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.08.105
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