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Experimental study on the performance of a ZEBRA battery based propulsion system for urban commercial vehicles

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  • Veneri, Ottorino
  • Capasso, Clemente
  • Patalano, Stanislao

Abstract

Fleets of commercial vehicles for delivery services in urban areas constitute road transportation means which are required to run relatively short distances and to respect anti-pollution laws commonly imposed by many municipalities. For this kind of commercial applications, high efficiency and eco-friendly electric propulsion systems offer an interesting alternative to thermal engines. This paper is focused on the analysis of such solution, by presenting experimental results obtained with a ZEBRA battery based propulsion system, designed to power a specific urban unit within the category of electric commercial vehicles. A novel contribution is added to the relevant literature concerning battery based electric powertrains for road vehicles. The main novelty consists in a wide range of experimental results and performance analysis carried out with reference to the real behavior of both the whole propulsion system and each main component, when powering the commercial vehicle, on the urban part of the NEDC (New European Driving Cycle) standard driving cycle, at different slopes. The experimental results, expressed through electrical and mechanical parameters, are initially evaluated by means of a quasi-static numerical model of the electric powertrain and then experimentally verified with the support of a 1:1 scale laboratory dynamic test bench. The procedure followed and presented in this paper definitely demonstrates the good design and performance, obtained for the evaluated propulsion system, in satisfying the real energy and power requirements, specific of an urban use for delivery commercial vehicles, in terms of daily autonomy and slopes. The collections of experimental results, analyzed in the paper, represent in addition a useful set of data for simulation in order to build, verify and improve models in their outputs.

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  • Veneri, Ottorino & Capasso, Clemente & Patalano, Stanislao, 2017. "Experimental study on the performance of a ZEBRA battery based propulsion system for urban commercial vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 185(P2), pages 2005-2018.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:185:y:2017:i:p2:p:2005-2018
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.01.124
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    1. Veneri, Ottorino & Capasso, Clemente & Patalano, Stanislao, 2018. "Experimental investigation into the effectiveness of a super-capacitor based hybrid energy storage system for urban commercial vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 227(C), pages 312-323.
    2. Trovão, João P. & Silva, Mário A. & Antunes, Carlos Henggeler & Dubois, Maxime R., 2017. "Stability enhancement of the motor drive DC input voltage of an electric vehicle using on-board hybrid energy storage systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 205(C), pages 244-259.
    3. Mayyas, Abdel Ra'ouf & Kumar, Sushil & Pisu, Pierluigi & Rios, Jacqueline & Jethani, Puneet, 2017. "Model-based design validation for advanced energy management strategies for electrified hybrid power trains using innovative vehicle hardware in the loop (VHIL) approach," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 204(C), pages 287-302.
    4. Smith, Lucy & Ibn-Mohammed, Taofeeq & Koh, S.C. Lenny & Reaney, Ian M., 2018. "Life cycle assessment and environmental profile evaluations of high volumetric efficiency capacitors," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 220(C), pages 496-513.
    5. Trancho, E. & Ibarra, E. & Arias, A. & Kortabarria, I. & Prieto, P. & Martínez de Alegría, I. & Andreu, J. & López, I., 2018. "Sensorless control strategy for light-duty EVs and efficiency loss evaluation of high frequency injection under standardized urban driving cycles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 224(C), pages 647-658.
    6. Zhou, Yanting & Wang, Yanan & Wang, Kai & Kang, Le & Peng, Fei & Wang, Licheng & Pang, Jinbo, 2020. "Hybrid genetic algorithm method for efficient and robust evaluation of remaining useful life of supercapacitors," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 260(C).
    7. Capasso, Clemente & Lauria, Davide & Veneri, Ottorino, 2018. "Experimental evaluation of model-based control strategies of sodium-nickel chloride battery plus supercapacitor hybrid storage systems for urban electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C), pages 2478-2489.
    8. Rogge, Matthias & van der Hurk, Evelien & Larsen, Allan & Sauer, Dirk Uwe, 2018. "Electric bus fleet size and mix problem with optimization of charging infrastructure," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 211(C), pages 282-295.
    9. Becherif, M. & Ramadan, H.S. & Ayad, M.Y. & Hissel, D. & Desideri, U. & Antonelli, M., 2017. "Efficient start–up energy management via nonlinear control for eco–traction systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 187(C), pages 899-909.
    10. Kréhi Serge Agbli & Mickaël Hilairet & Frédéric Gustin, 2020. "Real-Time Control Based on a CAN-Bus of Hybrid Electrical Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-14, September.
    11. Xiaoli Sun & Zhengguo Li & Xiaolin Wang & Chengjiang Li, 2019. "Technology Development of Electric Vehicles: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-29, December.

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