IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/agiwat/v282y2023ics0378377423001567.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

A multi-pollutant pilot study to evaluate the grey water footprint of irrigated paddy rice

Author

Listed:
  • Roudbari, Maziyar Vaez
  • Dehnavi, Ali
  • Jamshidi, Shervin
  • Yazdani, Mohamadreza

Abstract

Grey water footprint (GWF) is one component of water footprint (WF). It considers multiple pollutants and water quality regulations when determining the amount of freshwater required to assimilate the pollution load discharged by agricultural production into the receiving water body. This indicator is typically estimated for accounting the WF of agricultural productions including paddy rice. This study evaluates the GWF of irrigated paddy rice (IPR) through sampling multiple pollutants in both the inflow and drainage of a pilot area, simultaneously. It aims to find a realistic range for the GWF of IPR and emphasize the impacts of pollutants, regulations (Cmax), and inflow (Qin) variations. For this purpose, an isolated subsurface drained farm in northern Iran was chosen as a pilot area where 32 samples from inflow and outflow were taken during the cultivation period (94 days). Here, the concentrations of electro-conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxidation demand (COD), nitrate (NO3), total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total phosphorous (TP), total nitrogen (TN), and butachlor herbicide, as well as irrigation and drainage volume were investigated. Cmax was examined through three regulation scenarios: strict (S1), normal (S2), and lenient (S3). In addition, Qin was measured by the methods of water balance and SCD-USDA. Results show that TP was most critical in paddy rice GWF (S1-S2), while DO can be an alternative critical parameter in S3. Based on calculations, GWF was ultimately varied between 1109 and 8079 m3/ton in all scenarios. It incorporated a significant share in WF as its ratio varied between 46% and 86%. Cmax showed relatively higher impacts on GWF comparing with the precise calculation of Qin. Moreover, calculating the net pollution loads of multiple pollutants discharged from paddy field was recommended for higher accuracy. As a result, a range for GWF is introduced instead of an absolute value that can be updated by further case studies.

Suggested Citation

  • Roudbari, Maziyar Vaez & Dehnavi, Ali & Jamshidi, Shervin & Yazdani, Mohamadreza, 2023. "A multi-pollutant pilot study to evaluate the grey water footprint of irrigated paddy rice," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 282(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:agiwat:v:282:y:2023:i:c:s0378377423001567
    DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2023.108291
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378377423001567
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.agwat.2023.108291?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Ali asghar Pilehvar, 2021. "Spatial-geographical analysis of urbanization in Iran," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 8(1), pages 1-12, December.
    2. Carole Dalin & Yoshihide Wada & Thomas Kastner & Michael J. Puma, 2017. "Groundwater depletion embedded in international food trade," Nature, Nature, vol. 543(7647), pages 700-704, March.
    3. Castellanos, M.T. & Cartagena, M.C. & Requejo, M.I. & Arce, A. & Cabello, M.J. & Ribas, F. & Tarquis, A.M., 2016. "Agronomic concepts in water footprint assessment: A case of study in a fertirrigated melon crop under semiarid conditions," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 170(C), pages 81-90.
    4. Li, Xuechun & Chen, Dan & Cao, Xinchun & Luo, Zhaohui & Webber, Michael, 2020. "Assessing the components of, and factors influencing, paddy rice water footprint in China," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 229(C).
    5. Kashyap, Durba & Agarwal, Tripti, 2021. "Carbon footprint and water footprint of rice and wheat production in Punjab, India," Agricultural Systems, Elsevier, vol. 186(C).
    6. Dabrowski, J.M. & Murray, K. & Ashton, P.J. & Leaner, J.J., 2009. "Agricultural impacts on water quality and implications for virtual water trading decisions," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 68(4), pages 1074-1082, February.
    7. Fu, Jin & Wu, Yali & Wang, Qihui & Hu, Kelin & Wang, Shiqin & Zhou, Minghua & Hayashi, Kentaro & Wang, Hongyuan & Zhan, Xiaoying & Jian, Yiwei & Cai, Chen & Song, Meifang & Liu, Kaiwen & Wang, Yonghua, 2019. "Importance of subsurface fluxes of water, nitrogen and phosphorus from rice paddy fields relative to surface runoff," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 213(C), pages 627-635.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Ehsan Qasemipour & Farhad Tarahomi & Markus Pahlow & Seyed Saeed Malek Sadati & Ali Abbasi, 2020. "Assessment of Virtual Water Flows in Iran Using a Multi-Regional Input-Output Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(18), pages 1-18, September.
    2. Caldera, Upeksha & Breyer, Christian, 2020. "Strengthening the global water supply through a decarbonised global desalination sector and improved irrigation systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 200(C).
    3. Jayanta Das & A. T. M. Sakiur Rahman & Tapash Mandal & Piu Saha, 2021. "Exploring driving forces of large-scale unsustainable groundwater development for irrigation in lower Ganga River basin in India," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 23(5), pages 7289-7309, May.
    4. Rulli, Maria Cristina & Casirati, Stefano & Dell’Angelo, Jampel & Davis, Kyle Frankel & Passera, Corrado & D’Odorico, Paolo, 2019. "Interdependencies and telecoupling of oil palm expansion at the expense of Indonesian rainforest," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 105(C), pages 499-512.
    5. María Jesús Beltrán & Esther Velázquez, 2011. "Del metabolismo social al metabolismo hídrico," Documentos de Trabajo de la Asociación de Economía Ecológica en España 01_2011, Asociación de Economía Ecológica en España.
    6. Xiukang Wang, 2022. "Managing Land Carrying Capacity: Key to Achieving Sustainable Production Systems for Food Security," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-21, March.
    7. Gao, Jie & Xie, Pengxuan & Zhuo, La & Shang, Kehui & Ji, Xiangxiang & Wu, Pute, 2021. "Water footprints of irrigated crop production and meteorological driving factors at multiple temporal scales," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 255(C).
    8. Zhai, Yijie & Bai, Yueyang & Shen, Xiaoxu & Zhang, Tianzuo & Jia, Yuke & Ren, Ke & Zhou, Xinying & Cheng, Ziyue & Hong, Jinglan, 2023. "Provincial water availability footprint evaluation and transfer analysis of China’s grain products: A life cycle perspective," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 276(C).
    9. Anna Herzberger & Min Gon Chung & Kelly Kapsar & Kenneth A. Frank & Jianguo Liu, 2019. "Telecoupled Food Trade Affects Pericoupled Trade and Intracoupled Production," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-15, May.
    10. Distefano, Tiziano & Chiarotti, Guido & Laio, Francesco & Ridolfi, Luca, 2019. "Spatial Distribution of the International Food Prices: Unexpected Heterogeneity and Randomness," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 159(C), pages 122-132.
    11. Tomaz, Alexandra & Palma, José Ferro & Ramos, Tiago & Costa, Maria Natividade & Rosa, Elizabete & Santos, Marta & Boteta, Luís & Dôres, José & Patanita, Manuel, 2021. "Yield, technological quality and water footprints of wheat under Mediterranean climate conditions: A field experiment to evaluate the effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization strategies," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 258(C).
    12. Yang, Zhiyuan & Zhu, Yuemei & Zhang, Xiaoli & Liao, Qin & Fu, Hao & Cheng, Qingyue & Chen, Zongkui & Sun, Yongjian & Ma, Jun & Zhang, Jinyue & Li, Liangyu & Li, Na, 2023. "Unmanned aerial vehicle direct seeding or integrated mechanical transplanting, which will be the next step for mechanized rice production in China? —A comparison based on energy use efficiency and eco," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 273(C).
    13. Liu, Lianhua & Ouyang, Wei & Wang, Yidi & Lian, Zhongmin & Pan, Junting & Liu, Hongbin & Chen, Jingrui & Niu, Shiwei, 2023. "Paddy water managements for diffuse nitrogen and phosphorus pollution control in China: A comprehensive review and emerging prospects," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 277(C).
    14. Ayben Polat Bulut, 2023. "Determining the water footprint of sunflower in Turkey and creating digital maps for sustainable agricultural water management," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 25(10), pages 11999-12010, October.
    15. Marinos Stylianou & Iliana Papamichael & Irene Voukkali & Michail Tsangas & Michalis Omirou & Ioannis M. Ioannides & Antonis A. Zorpas, 2023. "LCA of Barley Production: A Case Study from Cyprus," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-16, January.
    16. Han, Feng & Zheng, Yi & Zhang, Ling & Xiong, Rui & Hu, Zhaoping & Tian, Yong & Li, Xin, 2023. "Simulating drip irrigation in large-scale and high-resolution ecohydrological models: From emitters to the basin," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 289(C).
    17. Boxin Wang & Bin Wang & Xiaobing Zhao & Jiao Li & Dasheng Zhang, 2023. "Study and Evaluation of Dynamic Carrying Capacity of Groundwater Resources in Hebei Province from 2010 to 2017," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-15, March.
    18. Merhawi GebreEgziabher & Scott Jasechko & Debra Perrone, 2022. "Widespread and increased drilling of wells into fossil aquifers in the USA," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-12, December.
    19. Shoumitro Chatterjee & Rohit Lamba & Esha D. Zaveri, 2024. "The role of farm subsidies in changing India’s water footprint," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-11, December.
    20. Ángel De Miguel & Malaak Kallache & Eloy García-Calvo, 2015. "The Water Footprint of Agriculture in Duero River Basin," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 7(6), pages 1-22, May.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:agiwat:v:282:y:2023:i:c:s0378377423001567. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/agwat .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.