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Carbon footprint and water footprint of rice and wheat production in Punjab, India

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  • Kashyap, Durba
  • Agarwal, Tripti

Abstract

Carbon footprint and water footprint assessments can be powerful tools to guide sustainable food production systems. The present study simultaneously quantified the carbon footprint (CF) and water footprint (WF) of rice and wheat production in the five agro-climatic zones of Punjab, India using farm survey data. Further, the variability in CF among the five agro-climatic zones and farm sizes was analysed. The carbon footprint per unit area of rice and wheat was found to be 8.80 ± 5.71 and 4.18 ± 1.13 t CO2eq/ha respectively. The CF per tonne of rice and wheat was 1.20 ± 0.70 and 0.83 ± 0.23 t CO2eq/t respectively. Large farms had 39% lower CF per tonne of rice compared to small farms. Residue burning, direct methane emissions and fertilizer use were the most important factors that contributed to the CF of rice and wheat production in Punjab. Nitrogen fertilizer use was identified as the major hotspot for mitigation. The average WF of rice and wheat was found to be 1097 and 871 m3/t respectively. A disparity between CROPWAT estimates of blue WF and actual blue water use was established indicating the need for actual blue WF accounting, particularly for flood irrigated crop production. Additionally, policy measures based on ground situation are discussed and the major role of local government policies in mitigating carbon and water footprint is highlighted.

Suggested Citation

  • Kashyap, Durba & Agarwal, Tripti, 2021. "Carbon footprint and water footprint of rice and wheat production in Punjab, India," Agricultural Systems, Elsevier, vol. 186(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:agisys:v:186:y:2021:i:c:s0308521x20308209
    DOI: 10.1016/j.agsy.2020.102959
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. Tarun Goswami & Somnath Ghosal, 2023. "Examining the groundwater level in a semi-arid district of eastern India: spatiotemporal trends, determinants, and future prospects," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 25(10), pages 10929-10953, October.
    3. Ayben Polat Bulut, 2023. "Determining the water footprint of sunflower in Turkey and creating digital maps for sustainable agricultural water management," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 25(10), pages 11999-12010, October.
    4. Guo, Fuxing & Wang, Yanping & Zhu, Haoyong & Zhang, Chuangye & Sun, Haowei & Fang, Zhuling & Yang, Jing & Zhang, Linsen & Mu, Yan & Man, Yu Bon & Wu, Fuyong, 2023. "Crop productivity and soil inorganic carbon change mediated by enhanced rock weathering in farmland: A comparative field analysis of multi-agroclimatic regions in central China," Agricultural Systems, Elsevier, vol. 210(C).
    5. Marinos Stylianou & Iliana Papamichael & Irene Voukkali & Michail Tsangas & Michalis Omirou & Ioannis M. Ioannides & Antonis A. Zorpas, 2023. "LCA of Barley Production: A Case Study from Cyprus," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-16, January.
    6. Roudbari, Maziyar Vaez & Dehnavi, Ali & Jamshidi, Shervin & Yazdani, Mohamadreza, 2023. "A multi-pollutant pilot study to evaluate the grey water footprint of irrigated paddy rice," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 282(C).
    7. Sridhara, Shankarappa & Manoj, Konapura Nagaraja & Gopakkali, Pradeep, 2023. "A micro-level assessment of carbon equivalent greenhouse gas emission and energy budgeting of rice cultivation in India," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 278(C).

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