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Hydrogeochemical characterization of groundwater under natural and anthropogenically influenced areas located in Upper Ghaggar River Basin, India

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  • Paramjit Singh

    (Panjab University)

  • Madhuri S. Rishi

    (Panjab University)

  • Lakhvinder Kaur

    (Panjab University
    Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Khalsa College, University of Delhi)

Abstract

Determining groundwater quality status and hydro-geochemistry of an aquifer is crucial to ensure cleaner and safer water for human consumption. Groundwater sustainability issues are getting attraction due to global warming and complexities in land utilization. These concerns increased the challenge of gaining an appropriate comprehension of anthropogenic activities and natural processes, as well as how they influence the quality of surface water and groundwater systems. In the present investigation, 48 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed from the Panchkula district of Haryana, located in the Upper Ghaggar River Basin, to explore the sources and driving factors responsible for hydro-geochemistry of the aquifers falling under the natural and anthropogenically intervened areas. Groundwater sampling was carried out in the premonsoon (PRM) as well as postmonsoon (POM) seasons to examine the spatio-seasonal variations in its quality. The results of the study revealed that reverse ion exchange processes are mainly controlling the aquifer geochemistry in areas occupied by natural vegetation, while the nitrate and chloride content of groundwater was the result of anthropogenic activities. The mechanisms governing groundwater quality and the related hydro-geochemical processes were assessed using binary plots of different cations and anions, along with the Gibbs plot and chloro-alkaline indices (CAI). Saturation indices (SI) indicated that groundwater was over-saturated with respect to dolomite, calcite, and aragonite, while 68.75% and 50% of samples indicated under-saturation with respect to anhydride and gypsum, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) and Pearson’s correlation coefficients were also considered to affirm the processes taking place to control the aquifer chemistry. Groundwater in the majority of the area was found suitable for drinking purposes except in the locations where high nitrate concentrations were recorded, thus suggesting the use of water treatment facilities for such areas.

Suggested Citation

  • Paramjit Singh & Madhuri S. Rishi & Lakhvinder Kaur, 2024. "Hydrogeochemical characterization of groundwater under natural and anthropogenically influenced areas located in Upper Ghaggar River Basin, India," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 26(10), pages 25415-25437, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:endesu:v:26:y:2024:i:10:d:10.1007_s10668-023-03687-y
    DOI: 10.1007/s10668-023-03687-y
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Sacchidananda Mukherjee & Zankhana Shah & M. Kumar, 2010. "Sustaining Urban Water Supplies in India: Increasing Role of Large Reservoirs," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 24(10), pages 2035-2055, August.
    2. Carole Dalin & Yoshihide Wada & Thomas Kastner & Michael J. Puma, 2017. "Groundwater depletion embedded in international food trade," Nature, Nature, vol. 543(7647), pages 700-704, March.
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