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Multiple environmental benefits of alternate wetting and drying irrigation system with limited yield impact on European rice cultivation: The Ebre Delta case

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  • Martínez-Eixarch, Maite
  • Alcaraz, Carles
  • Guàrdia, Mercè
  • Català-Forner, Mar
  • Bertomeu, Andrea
  • Monaco, Stefano
  • Cochrane, Nicole
  • Oliver, Viktoria
  • Teh, Yit Arn
  • Courtois, Brigitte
  • Price, Adam H.

Abstract

The AWD is an irrigation technology for rice cultivation, consisting in implementing alternate draining and flooded periods over the growing season, that delivers multiple environmental benefits, such as reduced water consumption, CH4 emissions and arsenic (As) grain content, but can be offset by yield losses. The trade-offs between the agronomic and environmental effects of AWD are crop context-dependent and they also vary among the different versions of AWD studied. Therefore, the implementation of a safe AWD needs to be preceded by studies conducted within a specific rice cropping system. A two-year field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of AWD on grain yield, As and heavy metal content in grains, and greenhouse gas emissions in nine representative European rice cultivars grown in a Mediterranean growing area. The experiment was performed in a split-plot design with four replications. The study revealed a significant cultivar effect on the agronomic response to AWD. Among the studied cultivars, one of them performed as tolerant to AWD while a group formed by four cultivars showed slight non-significant yield decline. AWD significantly reduced CH4 emissions and the global warming potential by 90% being such a large mitigation capacity explained by the negligible N2O emissions found in both water treatments. Finally, the implementation of AWD significantly reduced by ca. 40% As grain concentration but increased cadmium content, though the levels remained below the recommended thresholds. Further, AWD increased key nutritional elements like cupper, selenium, and zinc. In conclusion, this study confirms that AWD can be safely implemented in Mediterranean rice cultivation conditions with limited or null yield impact while obtaining the associated environmental benefits of this practice

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  • Martínez-Eixarch, Maite & Alcaraz, Carles & Guàrdia, Mercè & Català-Forner, Mar & Bertomeu, Andrea & Monaco, Stefano & Cochrane, Nicole & Oliver, Viktoria & Teh, Yit Arn & Courtois, Brigitte & Price, , 2021. "Multiple environmental benefits of alternate wetting and drying irrigation system with limited yield impact on European rice cultivation: The Ebre Delta case," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 258(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:agiwat:v:258:y:2021:i:c:s0378377421004418
    DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2021.107164
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    1. Maite Martínez-Eixarch & Carles Alcaraz & Marc Viñas & Joan Noguerol & Xavier Aranda & Francesc Xavier Prenafeta-Boldú & Jesús Antonio Saldaña-De la Vega & Maria del Mar Català & Carles Ibáñez, 2018. "Neglecting the fallow season can significantly underestimate annual methane emissions in Mediterranean rice fields," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 13(5), pages 1-23, May.
    2. Liang, Kaiming & Zhong, Xuhua & Huang, Nongrong & Lampayan, Rubenito M. & Pan, Junfeng & Tian, Ka & Liu, Yanzhuo, 2016. "Grain yield, water productivity and CH4 emission of irrigated rice in response to water management in south China," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 163(C), pages 319-331.
    3. Islam, S.M. Mofijul & Gaihre, Yam Kanta & Biswas, Jatish Chandra & Jahan, Md. Sarwar & Singh, Upendra & Adhikary, Sanjoy Kumar & Satter, M. Abdus & Saleque, M.A., 2018. "Different nitrogen rates and methods of application for dry season rice cultivation with alternate wetting and drying irrigation: Fate of nitrogen and grain yield," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 196(C), pages 144-153.
    4. Bueno, C.S. & Bucourt, M. & Kobayashi, N. & Inubushi, K. & Lafarge, T., 2010. "Water productivity of contrasting rice genotypes grown under water-saving conditions in the tropics and investigation of morphological traits for adaptation," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 98(2), pages 241-250, December.
    5. Alou, I.N. & Steyn, J.M. & Annandale, J.G. & van der Laan, M., 2018. "Growth, phenological, and yield response of upland rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Nerica 4®) to water stress during different growth stages," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 198(C), pages 39-52.
    6. Ishfaq, Muhammad & Farooq, Muhammad & Zulfiqar, Usman & Hussain, Saddam & Akbar, Nadeem & Nawaz, Ahmad & Anjum, Shakeel Ahmad, 2020. "Alternate wetting and drying: A water-saving and ecofriendly rice production system," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 241(C).
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