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Assessment of orchard N losses to groundwater with a vadose zone monitoring network

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  • Baram, S.
  • Couvreur, V.
  • Harter, T.
  • Read, M.
  • Brown, P.H.
  • Hopmans, J.W.
  • Smart, D.R.

Abstract

A 2-year study was conducted to explore the impact of current and alternative best management practices (BMPs) of irrigation and fertigation on nitrate (NO3−) leaching below the root zone. Using a fully randomized complete block design, three fertigation strategies were compared: current BMP with and without accounting for NO3−-N in irrigation-water, and a high frequency fertigation treatment with low-N concentration applications. Temporal changes in water content, pore water NO3− concentrations and soil water potential were monitored within and below the root zone to a soil depth of 3m at eight sites in an almond and a pistachio orchard. NO3− concentrations below the root zone ranged from <1mgL−1 to more than 2400mgL−1 (almond), and up to 11,000 (pistachio) mgL−1, with mean concentrations of 326 and 4631mgL−1, respectively. Within the fertigation cycle, fertilizer injection at the end of an irrigation event generally resulted in lower NO3− losses below the root zone compared with fertilizer injection midway through the irrigation. Pre-bloom and post-harvest flood irrigation in the almond orchard caused deep soil wetting and flushing of NO3− below the root zone, threatening groundwater quality. Statistical analysis using principal component analysis, Chi-squared Automatic Interaction Detector and the Artificial Neural Network showed that most of the deep soil NO3− concentration variability could not be explained by irrigation duration, fertigation timing or local variations in soil physical characteristics. However, mass balance estimates for water and N indicated the annual orchard average N loss could be estimated based on eight monitoring sites in spite of the inherent spatial variations in soil properties and the spatiotemporal variations in water and NO3− applications. The study indicated that reduction of N losses at the orchard scale would require alternative fertigation and irrigation practices, including better control of fertigation amounts and irrigation duration.

Suggested Citation

  • Baram, S. & Couvreur, V. & Harter, T. & Read, M. & Brown, P.H. & Hopmans, J.W. & Smart, D.R., 2016. "Assessment of orchard N losses to groundwater with a vadose zone monitoring network," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 172(C), pages 83-95.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:agiwat:v:172:y:2016:i:c:p:83-95
    DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2016.04.012
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Allaire-Leung, S. E. & Wu, L. & Mitchell, J. P. & Sanden, B. L., 2001. "Nitrate leaching and soil nitrate content as affected by irrigation uniformity in a carrot field," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 48(1), pages 37-50, May.
    2. G. V. Kass, 1980. "An Exploratory Technique for Investigating Large Quantities of Categorical Data," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 29(2), pages 119-127, June.
    3. Gardenas, A.I. & Hopmans, J.W. & Hanson, B.R. & Simunek, J., 2005. "Two-dimensional modeling of nitrate leaching for various fertigation scenarios under micro-irrigation," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 74(3), pages 219-242, June.
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    1. Diana Yaritza Dorado-Guerra & Javier Paredes-Arquiola & Miguel Ángel Pérez-Martín & Harold Tafur Hermann, 2021. "Integrated Surface-Groundwater Modelling of Nitrate Concentration in Mediterranean Rivers, the Júcar River Basin District, Spain," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-21, November.
    2. Bughici, Theodor & Skaggs, Todd H. & Corwin, Dennis L. & Scudiero, Elia, 2022. "Ensemble HYDRUS-2D modeling to improve apparent electrical conductivity sensing of soil salinity under drip irrigation," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 272(C).

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