IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/rgscpp/v15y2023i8p1672-1687.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

The COVID‐19 lockdown in Pakistan: Estimating economic losses using input–output analysis

Author

Listed:
  • Farah Syed
  • Naila Nazir
  • Asmat Ullah

Abstract

Estimating economic losses resulting from an emergency is always a challenge for researchers, especially in a country like Pakistan where data availability is a constraint. A pandemic situation, such as that caused by COVID‐19, is an example where inconsistent decision‐making—for example, whether to impose a complete lockdown, a smart lockdown, or other restrictions on economic activity—further complicates the issue. Usually guess estimates are given for political and economic debate. However, formal methodologies are being tested to obtain more meaningful results. The present study estimates economic loss using the input–output method to build a more realistic picture. The methodology examines both the direct impact (in the form of losses in selected sectors through final demand) and the indirect impact (through total output). The study looks at a 46‐day period in 2020 where all economic sectors were closed due to Pakistan's complete national lockdown. The results show that final demand decreased by 19.0%, while total output lost approximately 75.6 million USD. The results conclude that the primary sector experienced the greatest losses (31.0%), followed by the secondary and tertiary sectors (18.0% and 16.4%, respectively). La estimación de las pérdidas económicas resultantes de una emergencia es siempre un reto para los investigadores, especialmente en un país como Pakistán, donde la disponibilidad de datos es una limitación. Una situación de pandemia, como la provocada por COVID‐19, es un ejemplo en el que la toma de decisiones contradictorias, como por ejemplo si se impone un confinamiento total, un confinamiento inteligente u otras restricciones a la actividad económica, complica aún más la cuestión. Para el debate político y económico se suelen dar estimaciones aproximadas. Sin embargo, se están probando metodologías formales para obtener resultados más significativos. El presente estudio estima las pérdidas económicas utilizando el método de input‐output para crear una imagen más realista. La metodología examina tanto el impacto directo (en forma de pérdidas en sectores seleccionados a través de la demanda final) como el indirecto (a través de la producción total). El estudio analiza un periodo de 46 días en 2020 en el que todos los sectores económicos permanecieron cerrados debido al confinamiento total nacional de Pakistán. Los resultados muestran que la demanda final disminuyó un 19,0%, mientras que la producción total perdió aproximadamente 75,6 millones de USD. Los resultados concluyen que el sector primario experimentó las mayores pérdidas (31,0%), seguido del secundario y el terciario (18,0% y 16,4%, respectivamente). 特にパキスタンのようなデータを利用することが制約されている国では、緊急事態による経済損失の推計は常に研究者の課題となっている。パンデミックという状況、COVID‐19によって引き起こされたような状況などは、完全なロックダウン、スマート・ロックダウン、または経済活動にその他の制限を課すかどうかという一貫性のない意思決定が問題をさらに複雑化させることの一つの例である。通常、政治的・経済的な議論においては、根拠のない推定(guess estimates)が考慮される。しかし、より意味のある結果を得るために、フォーマルな方法が検証されている。本稿では、より現実の状況を表すために、産業連関法を使用して経済損失を推計した。この方法では、直接的な影響(最終需要を通じた一部の部門の損失として)と間接的な影響(総生産を通じた)の両方を調査する。パキスタンの全国的な完全なロックダウンにより、すべての産業部門の活動が停止された2020年の46日間を検討した。その結果、最終需要は19.0%減少し、総生産はおよそ7,560万米ドル減少した。結果から、最も損失が大きかったのは一次産業で(31.0%)、次いで二次・三次産業(それぞれ18.0%と16.4%)であったと結論される。

Suggested Citation

  • Farah Syed & Naila Nazir & Asmat Ullah, 2023. "The COVID‐19 lockdown in Pakistan: Estimating economic losses using input–output analysis," Regional Science Policy & Practice, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 15(8), pages 1672-1687, October.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:rgscpp:v:15:y:2023:i:8:p:1672-1687
    DOI: 10.1111/rsp3.12731
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/rsp3.12731
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1111/rsp3.12731?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Yaseen, Qazi Muhammad & Akhtar, Rehman & Khalil, Muhammad Kaleem Ullah & Usman Jan, Qazi Muhammad, 2020. "Dynamic inoperability input-output modeling for economic losses estimation in industries during flooding," Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
    2. Prema-chandra Athukorala & Budy P. Resosudarmo, 2005. "The Indian Ocean Tsunami: Economic Impact, Disaster Management, and Lessons," Asian Economic Papers, MIT Press, vol. 4(1), pages 1-39, Winter.
    3. Fedriani, Eugenio M. & Tenorio, Ángel F., 2012. "Simplifying the input–output analysis through the use of topological graphs," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 29(5), pages 1931-1937.
    4. Darougheh, Saman, 2021. "Dispersed consumption versus compressed output: Assessing the sectoral effects of a pandemic," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, vol. 68(C).
    5. Saif ur Rahman & Nor’Aznin Abu Bakar, 2019. "Manufacturing sector in Pakistan: A Comprehensive Review for the Future Growth and Development," Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, International Research Alliance for Sustainable Development (iRASD), vol. 7(1), pages :77-91, March.
    6. Menezes, Flavio & Figer, Vivian & Jardim, Fernanda & Medeiros, Pedro, 2022. "A near real-time economic activity tracker for the Brazilian economy during the COVID-19 pandemic," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 112(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Falck, Oliver & Heblich, Stephan & Link, Susanne, 2011. "The Evils of Forced Migration: Do Integration Policies Alleviate Migrants' Economic Situations?," Stirling Economics Discussion Papers 2011-14, University of Stirling, Division of Economics.
    2. Prema-chandra Athukorala, 2012. "Disaster, Generosity and Recovery: Indian Ocean Tsunami," Departmental Working Papers 2012-04, The Australian National University, Arndt-Corden Department of Economics.
    3. Hinterlang, Natascha & Moyen, Stephane & Röhe, Oke & Stähler, Nikolai, 2023. "Gauging the effects of the German COVID-19 fiscal stimulus package," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 154(C).
    4. Marina Yu. Malkina, 2021. "How the 2020 pandemic affected tax revenues in Russian regions?," Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy, Institute of Economic Research, vol. 16(2), pages 239-260, June.
    5. Brown, Sarah & Harris, Mark N. & Taylor, Karl, 2012. "Modelling charitable donations to an unexpected natural disaster: Evidence from the U.S. Panel Study of Income Dynamics," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 84(1), pages 97-110.
    6. repec:dau:papers:123456789/7780 is not listed on IDEAS
    7. da Silva, Nelson & Caetano, Sidney, 2024. "Intensity of labor shocks behind the changes in Brazilian hours worked during the pandemic," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 131(C).
    8. Qiu, Yue & Zheng, Yuchen, 2023. "Improving box office projections through sentiment analysis: Insights from regularization-based forecast combinations," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 125(C).
    9. Aiman Butt & Umair Butt & Salman Masood Sheikh & Saif Ur Rahman, 2023. "Exploring the Nexus of Eco Digitalization, Financial Globalization, and Renewable Energy in Mitigating CO2 Emissions: A Review of China," Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), Research Foundation for Humanity (RFH), vol. 12(4), pages 616-620.
    10. Amira Shafaqat & Sobia Irshad & Mubashar Ali & Sajida Parveen & Saif Ur Rahman, 2024. "Investigation the impact of Information & Communication Technology, Foreign Direct Investment and Renewable Energy on Ecological Footprint? Evidence from South Asian Countries," Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), Research Foundation for Humanity (RFH), vol. 13(2), pages 947-958.
    11. Sajida Parveen & Abida Hanif & Dr. Saif Ur Rahman & Dr. Salman Masood Sheikh, 2023. "Examining the Effect of Foreign Direct Investment and Exports on Stock Market Performance: Evidence from India Based Bound Testing to Cointegration ARDL Approach," Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), Research Foundation for Humanity (RFH), vol. 12(4), pages 700-707.
    12. Melissa L. Finucane & Joie Acosta & Amanda Wicker & Katie Whipkey, 2020. "Short-Term Solutions to a Long-Term Challenge: Rethinking Disaster Recovery Planning to Reduce Vulnerabilities and Inequities," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(2), pages 1-19, January.
    13. Latha Poonamallee & Simy Joy, 2019. "Key Elements Of Compassion Rousing Communication: Lessonsfrom Media Reports On Asian Tsunami In India," Working papers 350, Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode.
    14. García Muñiz, Ana Salomé, 2013. "Input–output research in structural equivalence: Extracting paths and similarities," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 31(C), pages 796-803.
    15. Laiba Manzoor & Qudsia Piracha & Saif Ur Rahman & Salman Masood Sheikh, 2023. "Impact of Renewable Energy and Globalization on Environmental Pollution in Asian Countries: A Review," Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), Research Foundation for Humanity (RFH), vol. 12(4), pages 628-633.
    16. Ercio Muñoz S. & Alfredo Pistelli M., 2010. "¿Tienen los Terremotos un Impacto Inflacionario en el Corto Plazo? Evidencia para una Muestra de Países," Notas de Investigación Journal Economía Chilena (The Chilean Economy), Central Bank of Chile, vol. 13(2), pages 113-127, April.
    17. Muhammad Rahies Khan & Muhammad Mutasim Billah Tufail & Mubashir Ali Khan & Muhammad Shake, 2022. "Reinforcing Environmental Sustainability through Institutional Pressures, Green Supply Chain, and Customer Intention among Pakistani ManufacturingFirms A-Pilot Test," iRASD Journal of Management, International Research Alliance for Sustainable Development (iRASD), vol. 4(2), pages 191-202, june.
    18. Marin, Giovanni & Modica, Marco & Paleari, Susanna & Zoboli, Roberto, 2021. "Assessing disaster risk by integrating natural and socio-economic dimensions: A decision-support tool," Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
    19. David McEntire & Jill Souza & Matthew Collins & Ekong Peters & Abdul-Akeem Sadiq, 2012. "An introspective glance into damage assessment: challenges and lessons learned from the Paso Robles (San Simeon) earthquake," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 61(3), pages 1389-1409, April.
    20. Vishwas Gupta, 2016. "Indian reality tourism - a critical perspective," Tourism and Hospitality Management, University of Rijeka, Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Management, vol. 22(2), pages 111-133, December.
    21. Agachai Sumalee & Fumitaka Kurauchi, 2006. "Network Capacity Reliability Analysis Considering Traffic Regulation after a Major Disaster," Networks and Spatial Economics, Springer, vol. 6(3), pages 205-219, September.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:bla:rgscpp:v:15:y:2023:i:8:p:1672-1687. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Wiley Content Delivery (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=1757-7802 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.