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Cumulative effect of racial discrimination on the mental health of ethnic minorities in the United Kingdom

Author

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  • Wallace, S.
  • Nazroo, J.
  • Bécares, L.

Abstract

Objectives. To examine the longitudinal association between cumulative exposure to racial discrimination and changes in the mental health of ethnic minority people. Methods. We used data from 4 waves (2009-2013) of the UK Household Longitudinal Study, a longitudinal household panel survey of approximately 40 000 households, including an ethnic minority boost sample of approximately 4000 households. Results. Ethnic minority people who reported exposure to racial discrimination at 1 time point had 12-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) mental component scores 1.93 (95% confidence interval [CI] = -3.31, -0.56) points lower than did those who reported no exposure to racial discrimination, whereas those who had been exposed to 2 or more domains of racial discrimination, at 2 different time points, had SF-12 mental component scores 8.26 (95% CI = -13.33, -3.18) points lower than did those who reported no experiences of racial discrimination. Controlling for racial discrimination and other socioeconomic factors reduced ethnic inequalities in mental health. Conclusions. Cumulative exposure to racial discrimination has incremental negative long-term effects on the mental health of ethnic minority people in the United Kingdom. Studies that examine exposure to racial discrimination at 1 point in time may underestimate the contribution of racismto poor health.

Suggested Citation

  • Wallace, S. & Nazroo, J. & Bécares, L., 2016. "Cumulative effect of racial discrimination on the mental health of ethnic minorities in the United Kingdom," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 106(7), pages 1294-1300.
    • Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/ajph.2016.303121_2
    DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303121
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    Cited by:

    1. Cave, Leah & Cooper, Matthew N. & Zubrick, Stephen R. & Shepherd, Carrington C.J., 2020. "Racial discrimination and child and adolescent health in longitudinal studies: A systematic review," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 250(C).
    2. Fava, Nicole M. & Li, Tan & Burke, Shanna L. & Wagner, Eric F., 2017. "Resilience in the context of fragility: Development of a multidimensional measure of child wellbeing within the Fragile Families dataset," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 358-367.
    3. Nkasi Stoll & Anna-Theresa Jieman & Yannick Yalipende & Nicola C. Byrom & Heidi Lempp & Stephani L. Hatch, 2023. "A Qualitative Evaluation of the Motivations, Experiences, and Impact of a Mental Wellbeing Peer Support Group for Black University Students in England and Wales: The Case of Black Students Talk," SAGE Open, , vol. 13(4), pages 21582440231, December.
    4. Irizar, Patricia & Kapadia, Dharmi & Amele, Sarah & Bécares, Laia & Divall, Pip & Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal & Kibuchi, Eliud & Kneale, Dylan & McCabe, Ronan & Nazroo, James & Nellums, Laura B. & T, 2023. "Pathways to ethnic inequalities in COVID-19 health outcomes in the United Kingdom: A systematic map," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 329(C).
    5. McGinnity, Frances & Creighton, Mathew & Fahey, Éamonn, 2020. "Hidden versus revealed attitudes: a list experiment on support for minorities in Ireland," Research Series, Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI), number BKMNEXT372.
    6. Nkechinyelu Ann Edeh & Sarah Riley & Patrizia Kokot‐Blamey, 2022. "The production of difference and “becoming Black”: The experiences of female Nigerian doctors and nurses working in the National Health Service," Gender, Work and Organization, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 29(2), pages 520-535, March.
    7. van der Wal, J.M. & Huth, K.B.S. & Lok, A. & Bockting, C.L. & Stronks, K. & Nicolaou, M., 2024. "Exploring the mechanisms underlying increased risk of depressive disorder in ethnic minority populations in Europe: A causal loop diagram," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 351(C).
    8. Dawid Majcherek & Arkadiusz Michał Kowalski & Małgorzata Stefania Lewandowska, 2022. "Lifestyle, Demographic and Socio-Economic Determinants of Mental Health Disorders of Employees in the European Countries," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-22, September.
    9. Karl Vachuska & Jack Brudvig, 2018. "Discourse from #TheRealUW: What Tweets Say about Racial Concerns at a Predominately White Institution," Social Sciences, MDPI, vol. 7(2), pages 1-13, January.
    10. Siddiqi, Arjumand & Shahidi, Faraz Vahid & Ramraj, Chantel & Williams, David R., 2017. "Associations between race, discrimination and risk for chronic disease in a population-based sample from Canada," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 194(C), pages 135-141.
    11. Jason Arday, 2018. "Understanding Mental Health: What Are the Issues for Black and Ethnic Minority Students at University?," Social Sciences, MDPI, vol. 7(10), pages 1-25, October.
    12. Lai, Angel Hor Yan & Chui, Cheryl Hiu-kwan & Wong, Jade Kin Yu & Leung, Cynthia Tsz Ching & Chen, Zhijun, 2022. "Ethnic identity, perceived classmate support and general self-efficacy in ethnic minority adolescents in rural Chinese school settings," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 137(C).
    13. Puddephatt, Jo-Anne & Booth, Millissa & Onwumere, Juliana & Das-Munshi, Jayati & Coomber, Ross & Goodwin, Laura, 2024. "Exploring experiences with alcohol and how drinking has changed over time among minority ethnic groups with a diagnosed mental health problem," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 348(C).
    14. Riikka Lämsä & Anu E. Castaneda & Anneli Weiste & Marianne Laalo & Päivikki Koponen & Hannamaria Kuusio, 2020. "The Role of Perceived Unjust Treatment in Unmet Needs for Primary Care Among Finnish Roma Adults," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(16), pages 1-15, August.
    15. Ignacio Amate-Fortes & Almudena Guarnido-Rueda & Diego Martínez-Navarro & Francisco J. Oliver-Márquez, 2023. "Social Isolation, Healthy Habits, Inequality and Mental Health in the United States," Applied Research in Quality of Life, Springer;International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies, vol. 18(4), pages 1617-1643, August.
    16. Haeny, Angela M. & Gibbons, Frederick X. & Fleischli, Mary E. & Gerrard, Meg & Lopez, Joel & Beach, Steven R.H., 2023. "Racial centrality mediates the association between adolescent racial discrimination and adult cigarette smoking outcomes among Black Americans," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 316(C).
    17. Alfonso Urzúa & Alejandra Caqueo-Urízar & Diego Henríquez & Marcos Domic & Daniel Acevedo & Sebastian Ralph & Gonzalo Reyes & Diego Tang, 2021. "Ethnic Identity as a Mediator of the Relationship between Discrimination and Psychological Well-Being in South—South Migrant Populations," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-13, February.
    18. Drydakis, Nick, 2024. "Discrimination and Health Outcomes in England's Black Communities amid the Cost-of-Living Crisis: Evaluating the Role of Inflation and Bank Rates," IZA Discussion Papers 17341, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    19. Drydakis, Nick, 2024. "Discrimination and Health Outcomes in England's Black Communities Amid the Cost-of-Living Crisis: Evaluating the Role of Inflation and Bank Rates," GLO Discussion Paper Series 1500, Global Labor Organization (GLO).
    20. Benzeval, Michaela & Reichl Luthra, Renee & Nandi, Alita, 2016. "Ethnic and racial harassment and mental health: identifying sources of resilience," ISER Working Paper Series 2016-14, Institute for Social and Economic Research.
    21. Anne Gosselin & Nesrine Ben Ahmed, 2024. "Discrimination au travail et santé mentale des immigré·es et descendant·es d’immigrés : une analyse de médiation à partir de l’enquête Conditions de Travail," Working Papers 294, French Institute for Demographic Studies.

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