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Relationship of soft drink consumption to global overweight, obesity, and diabetes: A cross-national analysis of 75 countries

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  • Basu, S.
  • McKee, M.
  • Galea, G.
  • Stuckler, D.

Abstract

Objectives. We estimated the relationship between soft drink consumption and obesity and diabetes worldwide. Methods. We used multivariate linear regression to estimate the association between soft drink consumption and overweight, obesity, and diabetes prevalence in 75 countries, controlling for other foods (cereals, meats, fruits and vegetables, oils, and total calories), income, urbanization, and aging. Data were obtained from the Euromonitor Global Market Information Database, the World Health Organization, and the International Diabetes Federation. Bottled water consumption, which increased with per-capita income in parallel to soft drink consumption, served as a natural control group. Results. Soft drink consumption increased globally from 9.5 gallons per person per year in 1997 to 11.4 gallons in 2010. A 1% rise in soft drink consumption was associated with an additional 4.8 overweight adults per 100 (adjusted B; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.1, 6.5), 2.3 obese adults per 100 (95% CI = 1.1, 3.5), and 0.3 adults with diabetes per 100 (95% CI = 0.1, 0.8). These findings remained robust in low- and middle-income countries. Conclusions. Soft drink consumption is significantly linked to overweight, obesity, and diabetes worldwide, including in low- and middle-income countries. Copyright © 2013 by the American Public Health Association®.

Suggested Citation

  • Basu, S. & McKee, M. & Galea, G. & Stuckler, D., 2013. "Relationship of soft drink consumption to global overweight, obesity, and diabetes: A cross-national analysis of 75 countries," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 103(11), pages 2071-2077.
    • Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/ajph.2012.300974_5
    DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300974
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    2. Mendez Lopez, Ana & Loopstra, Rachel & McKee, Martin & Stuckler, David, 2017. "Is trade liberalisation a vector for the spread of sugar-sweetened beverages? A cross-national longitudinal analysis of 44 low- and middle-income countries," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 172(C), pages 21-27.
    3. Wada, Roy & Han, Euna & Powell, Lisa M., 2015. "Associations between soda prices and intake: Evidence from 24-h dietary recall data," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 54-60.
    4. Goryakin, Yevgeniy & Monsivais, Pablo & Suhrcke, Marc, 2017. "Soft drink prices, sales, body mass index and diabetes: Evidence from a panel of low-, middle- and high-income countries," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 88-94.
    5. Melissa Neuman & Ichiro Kawachi & Steven Gortmaker & SV Subramanian, 2014. "National Economic Development and Disparities in Body Mass Index: A Cross-Sectional Study of Data from 38 Countries," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(6), pages 1-18, June.
    6. Alexander Bentley, R. & Ruck, Damian J. & Fouts, Hillary N., 2020. "U.S. obesity as delayed effect of excess sugar," Economics & Human Biology, Elsevier, vol. 36(C).
    7. Phulkerd, Sirinya & Thongcharoenchupong, Natjera & Chamratrithirong, Aphichat & Pattaravanich, Umaporn & Sacks, Gary & Prasertsom, Piyada, 2022. "Influence of sociodemographic and lifestyle factors on taxed sugar-sweetened beverage consumption in Thailand," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 109(C).
    8. Wan Ying Gan & Siti Fathiah Mohamed & Leh Shii Law, 2019. "Unhealthy Lifestyle Associated with Higher Intake of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages among Malaysian School-Aged Adolescents," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(15), pages 1-13, August.
    9. Taissa Pereira de Araújo & Milena M. de Moraes & Vânia Magalhães & Cláudia Afonso & Cristina Santos & Sara S. P. Rodrigues, 2021. "Ultra-Processed Food Availability and Noncommunicable Diseases: A Systematic Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(14), pages 1-11, July.
    10. Stacey, Nicholas & Edoka, Ijeoma & Hofman, Karen & Swart, Elizabeth C & Popkin, Barry & Ng, Shu Wen, 2021. "Changes in beverage purchases following the announcement and implementation of South Africa's Health Promotion Levy: an observational study," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 109878, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    11. Jana Holubcikova & Peter Kolarcik & Andrea Madarasova Geckova & Sijmen Reijneveld & Jitse Dijk, 2015. "The mediating effect of daily nervousness and irritability on the relationship between soft drink consumption and aggressive behaviour among adolescents," International Journal of Public Health, Springer;Swiss School of Public Health (SSPH+), vol. 60(6), pages 699-706, September.
    12. Kirsti Iivonen, 2018. "Defensive Responses to Strategic Sustainability Paradoxes: Have Your Coke and Drink It Too!," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 148(2), pages 309-327, March.
    13. Patricia I. Ritter, 2018. "Soda Consumption in the Tropics: The Trade-Off between Obesity and Diarrhea in Developing Countries," Working papers 2018-16, University of Connecticut, Department of Economics, revised Aug 2020.
    14. Julio C. Arteaga & Daniel Flores & Edgar Luna, 2021. "The effect of a soft drink tax in Mexico: evidence from time series industry data," Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society, vol. 65(2), pages 349-366, April.
    15. Christoph F. Kurz & Adriana N. König, 2021. "The causal impact of sugar taxes on soft drink sales: evidence from France and Hungary," The European Journal of Health Economics, Springer;Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gesundheitsökonomie (DGGÖ), vol. 22(6), pages 905-915, August.
    16. Joong Seob Lee & Tae Jun Kim & Sung Kwang Hong & Chanyang Min & Dae Myoung Yoo & Jee Hye Wee & Hyo Geun Choi, 2021. "Impact of Coffee/Green Tea/Soft Drink Consumption on the Risk of Hyperuricemia: A Cross-Sectional Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(14), pages 1-11, July.
    17. Yen-Han Lee & Zhi Wang & Timothy C. Chiang & Ching-Ti Liu, 2017. "Beverage Intake, Smoking Behavior, and Alcohol Consumption in Contemporary China—A Cross-Sectional Analysis from the 2011 China Health and Nutrition Survey," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-11, May.
    18. Shin, Jinwook & Kim, Kookdong, 2022. "Limited attention in beverage choice: Evidence from a field experiment1," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics), Elsevier, vol. 96(C).
    19. Ritter, Patricia I., 2023. "Soda expansion in the tropics: The effect on obesity rates among women without piped water at home," Economics & Human Biology, Elsevier, vol. 51(C).
    20. Cuadrado, Cristóbal & Dunstan, Jocelyn & Silva-Illanes, Nicolas & Mirelman, Andrew J. & Nakamura, Ryota & Suhrcke, Marc, 2020. "Effects of a sugar-sweetened beverage tax on prices and affordability of soft drinks in Chile: A time series analysis," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 245(C).
    21. Fabrizio Ferretti & Michele Mariani & Elena Sarti, 2022. "Does the Prevalence of Obesity Affect the Demand for Soft Drinks? Evidence from Cross-Country Panel Data," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(2), pages 1-12, January.
    22. Rachel A. Bahn & Gumataw K. Abebe, 2020. "Food retail expansion patterns in Sub‐Saharan Africa and the Middle East and North Africa: Institutional and regional perspectives," Agribusiness, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 36(3), pages 453-481, June.
    23. Galea, Gauden & McKee, Martin, 2014. "Public–private partnerships with large corporations: Setting the ground rules for better health," Health Policy, Elsevier, vol. 115(2), pages 138-140.
    24. Goryakin, Yevgeniy & Lobstein, Tim & James, W. Philip T. & Suhrcke, Marc, 2015. "The impact of economic, political and social globalization on overweight and obesity in the 56 low and middle income countries," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 133(C), pages 67-76.
    25. Saujanya Karki & Viivi Alaraudanjoki & Jari Päkkilä & Marja-Liisa Laitala & Vuokko Anttonen, 2021. "Different Risk Factors for Erosive Tooth Wear in Rural and Urban Nepal: A National Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(15), pages 1-10, July.

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