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GAAP versus The Street: An Empirical Assessment of Two Alternative Definitions of Earnings

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Cited by:

  1. Laurion, Henry & Sloan, Richard, 2022. "When does forecasting GAAP earnings entail unreasonable effort?," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 73(1).
  2. Art Durnev & Claudine Mangen, 2009. "Corporate Investments: Learning from Restatements," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 47(3), pages 679-720, June.
  3. Ahsan Habib & Mabel D' Costa & Hedy Jiaying Huang & Md. Borhan Uddin Bhuiyan & Li Sun, 2020. "Determinants and consequences of financial distress: review of the empirical literature," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 60(S1), pages 1023-1075, April.
  4. Bård Misund & Petter Osmundsen & Marius Sikveland, 2014. "Vertical Integration and Valuation of International Oil Companies," CESifo Working Paper Series 5061, CESifo.
  5. Nicola Gennaioli & Yueran Ma & Andrei Shleifer, 2016. "Expectations and Investment," NBER Macroeconomics Annual, University of Chicago Press, vol. 30(1), pages 379-431.
  6. Black, D.E. & Christensen, T.E., 2018. "Policy implications of research on non-GAAP reporting," Research in Accounting Regulation, Elsevier, vol. 30(1), pages 1-7.
  7. Sami Keskek & James N. Myers & Linda A. Myers, 2020. "Investors' Misweighting of Firm‐Level Information and the Market's Expectations of Earnings," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 37(3), pages 1828-1853, September.
  8. Doyle, Jeffrey T. & Jennings, Jared N. & Soliman, Mark T., 2013. "Do managers define non-GAAP earnings to meet or beat analyst forecasts?," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 56(1), pages 40-56.
  9. Desai, Naman & Nagar, Neerav, 2016. "A research note: Are auditors unable to detect classification shifting or merely not willing to report it? Evidence from India," Journal of Contemporary Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 12(2), pages 111-120.
  10. Dana Hollie & Philip B. Shane & Qiuhong Zhao & Steven Cahan, 2017. "The role of financial analysts in stock market efficiency with respect to annual earnings and its cash and accrual components," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 57(1), pages 199-237, March.
  11. Peng-Chia Chiu & Timothy D. Haight, 2020. "Investor learning, earnings signals, and stock returns," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 54(2), pages 671-698, February.
  12. Brian Bratten & Stephannie Larocque & Teri Lombardi Yohn, 2023. "Filling in the GAAPs in Individual Analysts’ Street Earnings Forecasts," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 69(8), pages 4790-4809, August.
  13. Yu-An Chen & Ann F. Medinets & Dan Palmon, 2022. "Disclosure regulations work: The case of regulation G," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 58(3), pages 1037-1062, April.
  14. Boahen, Eric O. & Mamatzakis, Emmanuel C., 2021. "What are the effects of culture and institutions on classification shifting in India?," Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, Elsevier, vol. 44(C).
  15. Bond, David & Czernkowski, Robert & Lee, Yong-Suk & Loyeung, Anna, 2017. "Market reaction to non-GAAP earnings around SEC regulation," Journal of Contemporary Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 13(3), pages 193-208.
  16. Bradley Blaylock & Bradley P. Lawson & Michael A. Mayberry, 2020. "Taxable income, future profitability, and stock returns," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 47(7-8), pages 858-881, July.
  17. Eric R. Holzman & Nathan T. Marshall & Joseph H. Schroeder & Teri Lombardi Yohn, 2021. "Is all disaggregation good for investors? Evidence from earnings announcements," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 26(2), pages 520-558, June.
  18. Shi, Linna & Wang, Ping & Zhou, Nan, 2017. "Enhanced disclosure of other comprehensive income and increased usefulness of net income: The implications of Accounting Standards Update 2011–05," Research in Accounting Regulation, Elsevier, vol. 29(2), pages 139-144.
  19. Miguel Faria-e-Castro & Radhakrishnan Gopalan & Avantika Pal & Juan M. Sanchez & Vijay Yerramilli, 2022. "EBITDA Add-backs in Debt Contracting: A Step Too Far?," Working Papers 2022-029, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
  20. Sascha B. Herr & Peter Lorson & Jochen Pilhofer, 2022. "Alternative Performance Measures: A Structured Literature Review of Research in Academic and Professional Journals," Schmalenbach Journal of Business Research, Springer, vol. 74(3), pages 389-451, September.
  21. Alina Beattrice Vladu & Barcelona Spain, 2013. "Smoothing Behavior Of Firms In Times Of Crisis: Empirical Evidence From The Spanish Economic Environment," Annales Universitatis Apulensis Series Oeconomica, Faculty of Sciences, "1 Decembrie 1918" University, Alba Iulia, vol. 2(15), pages 1-13.
  22. Grey, Colette & Stathopoulos, Konstantinos & Walker, Martin, 2013. "The impact of executive pay on the disclosure of alternative earnings per share figures," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 227-236.
  23. Robert M. Bushman & Alina Lerman & X. Frank Zhang, 2016. "The Changing Landscape of Accrual Accounting," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 54(1), pages 41-78, March.
  24. Beyer, Anne & Cohen, Daniel A. & Lys, Thomas Z. & Walther, Beverly R., 2010. "The financial reporting environment: Review of the recent literature," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 50(2-3), pages 296-343, December.
  25. Bok Baik & Joon Chae & Sunhwa Choi & David B. Farber, 2013. "Changes in Operational Efficiency and Firm Performance: A Frontier Analysis Approach," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 30(3), pages 996-1026, September.
  26. Edward J. Riedl & Suraj Srinivasan, 2007. "Signaling Firm Performance Through Financial Statement Presentation: An Analysis Using Special Items," Harvard Business School Working Papers 09-031, Harvard Business School.
  27. Dirk E. Black & Theodore E. Christensen, 2009. "US Managers' Use of 'Pro Forma' Adjustments to Meet Strategic Earnings Targets," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 36(3-4), pages 297-326.
  28. Theodore E. Christensen & Enrique Gomez & Matthew Ma & Jing Pan, 2021. "Analysts’ role in shaping non-GAAP reporting: evidence from a natural experiment," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 26(1), pages 172-217, March.
  29. He, Meng & Bai, Xuelian & Zhang, Junrui, 2024. "Does short selling reduce classification shifting?—— Exploration of market-oriented governance mechanism," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 93(C).
  30. Scott D. Dyreng & Rahul Vashishtha & Joseph Weber, 2017. "Direct Evidence on the Informational Properties of Earnings in Loan Contracts," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 55(2), pages 371-406, May.
  31. Foong Soon Cheong & Jacob Thomas, 2011. "Why Do EPS Forecast Error and Dispersion Not Vary with Scale? Implications for Analyst and Managerial Behavior," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 49(2), pages 359-401, May.
  32. Yuta Shibasaki & Chikara Toyokura, 2019. "The Disclosure of Non-GAAP Performance Measures and the Adoption of IFRS: Evidence from Japanese Firms' Experience," IMES Discussion Paper Series 19-E-20, Institute for Monetary and Economic Studies, Bank of Japan.
  33. Shiah-Hou, Shin-Rong, 2021. "The relation between non-GAAP earnings and accounting restatements: Evidence after regulation G," Advances in accounting, Elsevier, vol. 55(C).
  34. Wei Zhang & Steven F. Cahan, 2010. "Nonrecurring Accounting Transactions and Stock Option Grants," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 37(1-2), pages 93-129.
  35. Florian Meier, 2020. "The Age of Cheap Money and Passive Investing: Are Pro Forma Earnings Value Relevant?," Journal of Finance and Investment Analysis, SCIENPRESS Ltd, vol. 9(2), pages 1-1.
  36. Chih-Jen Huang, 2010. "The joint decision to manage earnings through discretionary accruals and asset sales around insider trading: Taiwan evidence," Journal of Economics and Finance, Springer;Academy of Economics and Finance, vol. 34(3), pages 308-325, July.
  37. John R. M. Hand & Henry Laurion & Alastair Lawrence & Nicholas Martin, 2022. "Explaining firms’ earnings announcement stock returns using FactSet and I/B/E/S data feeds," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 27(4), pages 1389-1420, December.
  38. Yuta Shibasaki & Chikara Toyokura, 2020. "The Disclosure of Non-GAAP Performance Measures and the Adoption of IFRS: Evidence from Japanese Firms' Experience," Monetary and Economic Studies, Institute for Monetary and Economic Studies, Bank of Japan, vol. 38, pages 19-54, November.
  39. Gary Entwistle & Glenn Feltham & Chima Mbagwu, 2006. "Misleading Disclosure of Pro Forma Earnings: An Empirical Examination," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 69(4), pages 355-372, December.
  40. Rajiv Banker & Russell Barber & Dana Hollie & Han-Up Park, 2024. "Order backlog and its association with fundamental analysis metrics and future earnings," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 62(4), pages 1733-1753, May.
  41. Carol Anilowski Cain & Kalin S. Kolev & Sarah McVay, 2020. "Detecting Opportunistic Special Items," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 66(5), pages 2099-2119, May.
  42. Kim, Sangwan & Lim, Steve C., 2017. "Earnings comparability and informed trading," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 20(C), pages 130-136.
  43. Ganapathi Narayanamoorthy, 2006. "Conservatism and Cross‐Sectional Variation in the Post–Earnings Announcement Drift," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 44(4), pages 763-789, September.
  44. Haeyoung Shin & Michael Lacina & Shanshan Pan, 2024. "The order in a series of continuous special items and the likelihood of income classification shifting," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 63(3), pages 829-862, October.
  45. Shanshan Pan & Michael Lacina & Haeyoung Shin, 2019. "Income Classification Shifting and Financial Analysts’ Forecasts," Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies (RPBFMP), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 22(02), pages 1-48, June.
  46. Corinne Bessieux-Ollier & Grégoire Davrinche & Guillaume Dumas, 2022. "L'adaptation de la communication financière face à la crise COVID : le cas des résultats non-GAAP," Post-Print hal-03948560, HAL.
  47. Junwei Lu & Xiaoxia Bu & Jing Chen, 2021. "Do inflowing sophisticated investors induce classification shifting? New evidence from market liberalisation in China," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 61(5), pages 6193-6223, December.
  48. Visani, Franco & Di Lascio, F. Marta L. & Gardini, Silvia, 2020. "The impact of institutional and cultural factors on the use of non-GAAP financial measures. International evidence from the oil and gas industry," Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, Elsevier, vol. 40(C).
  49. Bok Baik & David B. Farber & Kathy Petroni, 2009. "Analysts' Incentives and Street Earnings," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 47(1), pages 45-69, March.
  50. Misund, Bård & Asche, Frank & Osmundsen, Petter, 2008. "Industry upheaval and valuation: Empirical evidence from the international oil and gas industry," The International Journal of Accounting, Elsevier, vol. 43(4), pages 398-424, December.
  51. Andreas Charitou & Neophytos Lambertides & Giorgos Theodoulou, 2010. "The Effect of Past Earnings and Dividend Patterns on the Information Content of Dividends When Earnings Are Reduced," Abacus, Accounting Foundation, University of Sydney, vol. 46(2), pages 153-187, June.
  52. Zalata, Alaa Mansour & Abdelfattah, Tarek, 2021. "Non-executive female directors and earnings management using classification shifting," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 134(C), pages 301-315.
  53. Christophe, Stephen E. & Ferri, Michael G. & Hsieh, Jim, 2010. "Informed trading before analyst downgrades: Evidence from short sellers," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 95(1), pages 85-106, January.
  54. Heflin, Frank & Hsu, Charles, 2008. "The impact of the SEC's regulation of non-GAAP disclosures," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 46(2-3), pages 349-365, December.
  55. Grégoire Davrinche & Guillaume Dumas & Isabelle Martinez, 2017. "Résultats non-GAAP et opportunisme des dirigeants," Post-Print hal-03948521, HAL.
  56. Aubert, François & Grudnitski, Gary, 2014. "The role of reconciliation quality in limiting mispricing of non-GAAP earnings announcements by EURO STOXX firms," Advances in accounting, Elsevier, vol. 30(1), pages 154-167.
  57. Fargher, Neil & Wee, Marvin, 2019. "The impact of Ball and Brown (1968) on generations of research," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 55-72.
  58. Kim, Robert & Kim, Sangwan, 2021. "Does revenue-expense matching play a differential role in analysts’ earnings and revenue forecasts?," The British Accounting Review, Elsevier, vol. 53(5).
  59. Anantharaman, Divya & Chuk, Elizabeth & Kamath, Saipriya, 2024. "A demotion in disguise? The real effects of relocating pension smoothing from operating income to non-operating income," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 124405, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
  60. Jeffery S. Abarbanell & Reuven Lehavy, 2007. "Letting the “Tail Wag the Dog†: The Debate over GAAP versus Street Earnings Revisited," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 24(3), pages 675-723, September.
  61. Ravi Dharwadkar & David Harris & Linna Shi & Nan Zhou, 2020. "The initiation of audit committee interlocks and the contagion of accounting policy choices: evidence from special items," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 25(1), pages 120-158, March.
  62. Yuan Ji & James Potepa & Oded Rozenbaum, 2020. "The effect of ASU 2014–08 on the use of discontinued operations to manage earnings," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 25(4), pages 1201-1229, December.
  63. Barth, Mary E. & Gow, Ian D. & Taylor, Daniel J., 2010. "Non-GAAP and Street Earnings: Evidence from SFAS 123R," Research Papers 2064, Stanford University, Graduate School of Business.
  64. Misund, Bård & Osmundsen, Petter, 2015. "The Value Relevance of Accounting Figures in the Oil & Gas Industry: Cash Flow or Accruals?," UiS Working Papers in Economics and Finance 2015/19, University of Stavanger.
  65. Zachary Kaplan & Xiumin Martin & Yifang Xie, 2021. "Truncating Optimism," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 59(5), pages 1827-1884, December.
  66. Andersson, Patric & Hellman, Niclas, 2004. "The impact of pro forma profits on analyst forecasts: Some experimental evidence," SSE/EFI Working Paper Series in Business Administration 2004:5, Stockholm School of Economics.
  67. Brett Govendir & Peter Wells, 2014. "The influence of the accruals generating process on earnings persistence," Australian Journal of Management, Australian School of Business, vol. 39(4), pages 593-614, November.
  68. Vitor Azevedo & Patrick Bielstein & Manuel Gerhart, 2021. "Earnings forecasts: the case for combining analysts’ estimates with a cross-sectional model," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 56(2), pages 545-579, February.
  69. Wang, Qian & Ettredge, Michael, 2015. "Discretionary allocation of corporate income to segments," Research in Accounting Regulation, Elsevier, vol. 27(1), pages 1-13.
  70. Kyung, Hangsoo & Lee, Hakyin & Marquardt, Carol, 2019. "The effect of voluntary clawback adoption on non-GAAP reporting," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 67(1), pages 175-201.
  71. Charitou, Andreas & Floropoulos, Nikolaos & Karamanou, Irene & Loizides, George, 2018. "Non-GAAP Earnings Disclosures on the Face of the Income Statement by UK Firms: The Effect on Market Liquidity," The International Journal of Accounting, Elsevier, vol. 53(3), pages 183-202.
  72. Jason V. Chen & Kurt H. Gee & Jed J. Neilson, 2021. "Disclosure Prominence and the Quality of Non‐GAAP Earnings," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 59(1), pages 163-213, March.
  73. Stephen J. Terry, 2023. "The Macro Impact of Short‐Termism," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 91(5), pages 1881-1912, September.
  74. Griffin, Paul A. & Hong, Hyun A. & Liu, Yun & Ryou, Ji Woo, 2021. "The dark side of CEO social capital: Evidence from real earnings management and future operating performance," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 68(C).
  75. Anantharaman, Divya & Chuk, Elizabeth & Kamath, Saipriya, 2021. "Location, location, location! Real effects from the mandated removal of pension expected return from operating income," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 108931, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
  76. Hsu, Charles & Wang, Rencheng & Whipple, Benjamin C., 2022. "Non-GAAP earnings and stock price crash risk," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 73(2).
  77. Yun Fan & Wayne B. Thomas & Xiaoou Yu, 2019. "The Impact of Financial Covenants in Private Loan Contracts on Classification Shifting," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 65(8), pages 3637-3653, August.
  78. Dinis Santos & Elias Soukiazis, 2015. "The Links between the Companies` Market Price Quality and that of its Management and Business Quality: A System Panel Data Approach," GEMF Working Papers 2015-08, GEMF, Faculty of Economics, University of Coimbra.
  79. Hong, Philip Keejae & Lee, Sam & Mynatt, Patricia & Ramakrishnan, Ram, 2019. "The value relevance of timely information: The case of comparable store sales growth," Advances in accounting, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 10-21.
  80. Mariela Carvajal & David H. Lont & Tom Scott, 2022. "Non‐GAAP Earnings Disclosure Trends in New Zealand," Australian Accounting Review, CPA Australia, vol. 32(1), pages 19-35, March.
  81. Yuan Yin & Ken Peasnell & Herbert G. Hunt, 2018. "How do sell-side analysts obtain price-earnings multiples to value firms?," Accounting and Business Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 48(1), pages 108-135, January.
  82. Mei Luo & Shuai Shao & Frank Zhang, 2018. "Does financial reporting above or below operating income matter to firms and investors? The case of investment income in China," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 23(4), pages 1754-1790, December.
  83. Steven Young, 2014. "The drivers, consequences and policy implications of non-GAAP earnings reporting," Accounting and Business Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 44(4), pages 444-465, August.
  84. Marques, Ana, 2010. "Disclosure strategies among S&P 500 firms: Evidence on the disclosure of non-GAAP financial measures and financial statements in earnings press releases," The British Accounting Review, Elsevier, vol. 42(2), pages 119-131.
  85. Shiah-Hou, Shin-Rong & Teng, Yi-Yun, 2016. "The informativeness of non-GAAP earnings after Regulation G?," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 18(C), pages 184-192.
  86. Ciccone, Stephen J., 2005. "Trends in analyst earnings forecast properties," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 14(1), pages 1-22.
  87. Zoe†Vonna Palmrose & Susan Scholz, 2004. "The Circumstances and Legal Consequences of Non†GAAP Reporting: Evidence from Restatements," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 21(1), pages 139-180, March.
  88. Paul Hribar & Richard Mergenthaler & Aaron Roeschley & Spencer Young & Chris X. Zhao, 2022. "Do Managers Issue More Voluntary Disclosure When GAAP Limits Their Reporting Discretion in Financial Statements?," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 60(1), pages 299-351, March.
  89. Dirk E. Black & Ervin L. Black & Theodore E. Christensen & Kurt H. Gee, 2022. "Comparing Non-GAAP EPS in Earnings Announcements and Proxy Statements," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 68(2), pages 1353-1377, February.
  90. Juhee Hwang & Cheol Lee & Giman Nam, 2024. "Classification Shifting and Future Stock Price Crash Risk," Australian Accounting Review, CPA Australia, vol. 34(1), pages 74-96, March.
  91. Riccardo Macchioni & Alessandra Allini & Martina Prisco, 2022. "The role of the Big Four audit firms and the legal system in non-GAAP comparability," FINANCIAL REPORTING, FrancoAngeli Editore, vol. 2022(1), pages 79-116.
  92. David Ashton & Chau (Ruby) Trinh, 2018. "Evaluating the information content of earnings forecasts," Accounting and Business Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 48(6), pages 674-699, September.
  93. Zalata, Alaa Mansour & Roberts, Clare, 2017. "Managing earnings using classification shifting: UK evidence," Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 52-65.
  94. Bansal, Naresh & Seetharaman, Ananth & Wang, Xu (Frank), 2013. "Managerial risk-taking incentives and non-GAAP earnings disclosures," Journal of Contemporary Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 9(1), pages 100-121.
  95. Corbella, Silvano & Florio, Cristina & Gotti, Giorgio & Mastrolia, Stacy A., 2015. "Audit firm rotation, audit fees and audit quality: The experience of Italian public companies," Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, Elsevier, vol. 25(C), pages 46-66.
  96. Nagar, Neerav & Desai, Naman & Jacob, Joshy, 2021. "Do Big 4 auditors limit classification shifting? Evidence from India," Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, Elsevier, vol. 42(C).
  97. Alaa Mansour Zalata & Collins Ntim & Ahmed Aboud & Ernest Gyapong, 2019. "Female CEOs and Core Earnings Quality: New Evidence on the Ethics Versus Risk-Aversion Puzzle," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 160(2), pages 515-534, December.
  98. Corinne Bessieux-Ollier & Grégoire Davrinche & Guillaume Dumas, 2022. "L'adaptation de la communication financière face à la crise COVID : le cas des résultats non-GAAP," Post-Print hal-03948567, HAL.
  99. Mark Wallis, 2023. "Why Do Analysts use a Zero Forecast for Other Comprehensive Income?," Abacus, Accounting Foundation, University of Sydney, vol. 59(4), pages 1074-1115, December.
  100. Yonca Ertimur & Jayanthi Sunder & Shyam V. Sunder, 2007. "Measure for Measure: The Relation between Forecast Accuracy and Recommendation Profitability of Analysts," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 45(3), pages 567-606, June.
  101. Hsiu-Lang Chen, 2018. "Information diffusion of upstream and downstream industry-wide earnings surprises and its implications," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 51(3), pages 751-784, October.
  102. Rouen, Ethan & So, Eric C. & Wang, Charles C.Y., 2021. "Core earnings: New data and evidence," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 142(3), pages 1068-1091.
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  105. Gary M. Entwistle & Glenn D. Feltham & Chima Mbagwu, 2012. "Credibility Attributes and Investor Perceptions of Non‐GAAP Earnings Exclusions," Accounting Perspectives, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 11(4), pages 229-257, December.
  106. Nagar, Neerav & Sen, Kaustav, 2016. "Classification Shifting: Impact of Firm Life Cycle," IIMA Working Papers WP2016-03-06, Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, Research and Publication Department.
  107. Eng, Li Li & Vichitsarawong, Thanyaluk, 2022. "Comparing the usefulness of two profit subtotals: Operating income and earnings before interest and taxes," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 47(PA).
  108. Nicholas J. Hallman & Jaime J. Schmidt & Anne M. Thompson, 2022. "Audit Implications of Non‐GAAP Reporting," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 60(5), pages 1947-1989, December.
  109. Ryan D. Guggenmos & Kristina Rennekamp & Kathy Rupar & Sean Wang, 2022. "The Relationship Between Non‐GAAP Earnings and Aggressive Estimates in Reported GAAP Numbers," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 60(5), pages 1915-1945, December.
  110. Cascino, Stefano & Clatworthy, Mark A. & Osma, Beatriz Garcia & Gassen, Joachim & Imam, Shahed, 2021. "The usefulness of financial accounting information: evidence from the field," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 107569, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
  111. Gu, Zhaoyang & Xue, Jian, 2008. "The superiority and disciplining role of independent analysts," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 45(2-3), pages 289-316, August.
  112. Alexander P. Paton & Damien Cannavan & Stephen Gray & Khoa Hoang, 2020. "Analyst versus model‐based earnings forecasts: implied cost of capital applications," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 60(4), pages 4061-4092, December.
  113. Jarva, Henry & Kallunki, Juha-Pekka & Livne, Gilad, 2019. "Earnings performance measures and CEO turnover: Street versus GAAP earnings," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 249-266.
  114. Merle Ederhof & Venky Nagar & Madhav Rajan, 2021. "How Economically Significant Are Unused Capacity Costs? A Large-Scale Empirical Analysis," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 67(3), pages 1956-1974, March.
  115. Wayne R. Landsman & Bruce L. Miller & Shu Yeh, 2007. "Implications of Components of Income Excluded from Pro Forma Earnings for Future Profitability and Equity Valuation," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 34(3‐4), pages 650-675, April.
  116. Merle Ederhof & Venky Nagar & Madhav Rajan, 2017. "An Empirical Analysis of Capacity Costs," Working Papers 17-26, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.
  117. Mark Brosnan & Keith Duncan & Tim Hasso & Janice Hollindale, 2023. "Non‐GAAP earnings and executive compensation: An experiment," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 63(4), pages 4375-4398, December.
  118. Nagar, Neerav & Sen, Kaustav, 2016. "Earnings management in India: Managers’ fixation on operating profits," Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, Elsevier, vol. 26(C), pages 1-12.
  119. Feng Gu & Baruch Lev & Chenqi Zhu, 2023. "All losses are not alike: Real versus accounting-driven reported losses," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 28(3), pages 1141-1189, September.
  120. Vinay Goyal & Subrata K. Mitra, 2022. "Is the asymmetric impact of aggregate revenue and aggregate earnings on the stock index in accordance with the prospect theory?," International Review of Finance, International Review of Finance Ltd., vol. 22(1), pages 200-222, March.
  121. Qianyun Huang & Terrance R. Skantz, 2016. "The informativeness of pro forma and street earnings: an examination of information asymmetry around earnings announcements," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 21(1), pages 198-250, March.
  122. Malikov, Kamran & Manson, Stuart & Coakley, Jerry, 2018. "Earnings management using classification shifting of revenues," The British Accounting Review, Elsevier, vol. 50(3), pages 291-305.
  123. Essam Elshafie & Ai-Ru Yen & Minna Yu, 2010. "The association between pro forma earnings and earnings management," Review of Accounting and Finance, Emerald Group Publishing, vol. 9(2), pages 139-155, May.
  124. Jeffery Abarbanell & Hyungshin Park, 2017. "Do Bright-Line Earnings Surprises Really Affect Stock Price Reactions?," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 63(4), pages 1063-1084, April.
  125. Jeremiah W. Bentley & Theodore E. Christensen & Kurt H. Gee & Benjamin C. Whipple, 2018. "Disentangling Managers’ and Analysts’ Non‐GAAP Reporting," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 56(4), pages 1039-1081, September.
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