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Demand for Safe Spaces : Avoiding Harassment and Stigma

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  • Kondylis,Florence
  • Legovini,Arianna
  • Vyborny,Kate
  • Zwager,Astrid Maria Theresia
  • Cardoso De Andrade,Luiza

Abstract

What are the costs to women of harassment on public transit? This study randomizes the price of a women-reserved "safe space" in Rio de Janeiro and crowdsource information on 22,000 rides. Women in the public space experience harassment once a week. A fifth of riders are willing to forgo 20 percent of the fare to ride in the "safe space". Randomly assigning riders to the "safe space" reduces physical harassment by 50 percent, implying a cost of $1.45 per incident. Implicit Association Tests show that women face a stigma for riding in the public space that may outweigh the benefits of the safe space.

Suggested Citation

  • Kondylis,Florence & Legovini,Arianna & Vyborny,Kate & Zwager,Astrid Maria Theresia & Cardoso De Andrade,Luiza, 2020. "Demand for Safe Spaces : Avoiding Harassment and Stigma," Policy Research Working Paper Series 9269, The World Bank.
    • Handle: RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9269
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    4. Borker, Girija, 2024. "Understanding the constraints to women’s use of urban public transport in developing countries," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 180(C).
    5. Seema Jayachandran, 2021. "Social Norms as a Barrier to Women’s Employment in Developing Countries," IMF Economic Review, Palgrave Macmillan;International Monetary Fund, vol. 69(3), pages 576-595, September.
    6. Small, Sarah F. & van der Meulen Rodgers, Yana, 2023. "The gendered effects of investing in physical and social infrastructure," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 171(C).

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    Keywords

    Transport in Urban Areas; Urban Transport; Gender and Development; Crime and Society; Transport Services; Labor Markets;
    All these keywords.

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