IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/por/fepwps/508.html
   My bibliography  Save this paper

The neglected heterogeneity of spatial agglomeration and co-location patterns of creative employment: evidence from Portugal

Author

Listed:
  • Sara Santos Cruz

    (CEF.UP, Faculdade de Economia, Universidade do Porto)

  • Aurora A.C. Teixeira

    (CEF.UP, Faculdade de Economia, Universidade do Porto; INESC Porto; OBEGEF)

Abstract

Empirical literature on the geographic location of creative activities is mostly based on the spatial analysis of industries, disregarding the creative employment that lies outside the necessarily limited boundaries of creative industries. In this paper, we analyse agglomeration and co-location patterns of core creative activities by considering both ‘embedded’ (creative professionals working outside the creative sectors) and ‘specialized’ (creative professionals working in the creative sectors) creative employment. Using location quotients and principal component factor and cluster analyses, applied to all 308 Portuguese municipalities, for ten core creative groups, we found that the geographical agglomeration and co-location patterns of these core creative groups differ substantially. The typical arguments sustained by literature - the tendency of creative industries/ employment to agglomerate and co-locate in large metropolises - are only supported in the case of knowledge-intensive activities subjected to Intellectual Property Rights, most notably ‘Advertising/ Marketing’, ‘Publishing’, ‘TV/ Radio’, and ‘Software/ Digital Media’, densely concentrated and co-located in highly developed, large urban centres, with high levels of human capital. These arguments do not hold for the traditional creative activities of ‘Architecture’, ‘Design/ Visual Arts’ and ‘Crafts’, which, although co-located, appear mostly dispersed with small concentrations around intermediate urban centres. ‘Teaching/ training/ research’ present quite dispersed geographical patterns with some clusterization around municipalities with tertiary education institutions. ‘Film/ video/ photography’ and ‘Music/ Performing arts’ show some dispersion throughout the Portuguese territory with concentration around small urban centres and in rural areas. It is evident that, from agglomeration to co-location patterns, creative employment reveals heterogeneous characteristics across creative groups. Indeed, the results obtained show that the differentiated (co)location patterns of creative activities are mainly a regional phenomenon distinguishing regions within the same country, and not only an aspect differentiating countries in international comparisons.

Suggested Citation

  • Sara Santos Cruz & Aurora A.C. Teixeira, 2013. "The neglected heterogeneity of spatial agglomeration and co-location patterns of creative employment: evidence from Portugal," FEP Working Papers 508, Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Economia do Porto.
    • Handle: RePEc:por:fepwps:508
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.fep.up.pt/investigacao/workingpapers/wp508.pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    Other versions of this item:

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Ron A. Boschma & Michael Fritsch, 2009. "Creative Class and Regional Growth: Empirical Evidence from Seven European Countries," Economic Geography, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 85(4), pages 391-423, October.
    2. Kristina Vaarst Andersen & Høgni Kalsø Hansen & Arne Isaksen & Mika Raunio, 2010. "Nordic City Regions in the Creative Class Debate—Putting the Creative Class Thesis to a Test," Industry and Innovation, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 17(2), pages 215-240.
    3. David Emanuel Andersson & Åke E. Andersson & Charlotta Mellander (ed.), 2011. "Handbook of Creative Cities," Books, Edward Elgar Publishing, number 13973.
    4. Stefan Krätke, 2002. "Network Analysis of Production Clusters: The Potsdam/Babelsberg Film Industry as an Example," European Planning Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 10(1), pages 27-54, January.
    5. David Mcgranahan & Timothy Wojan, 2007. "Recasting the Creative Class to Examine Growth Processes in Rural and Urban Counties," Regional Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 41(2), pages 197-216.
    6. Mellander, Charlotta & Florida, Richard, 2007. "The Creative Class or Human Capital? - explaining regional development in Sweden," Working Paper Series in Economics and Institutions of Innovation 79, Royal Institute of Technology, CESIS - Centre of Excellence for Science and Innovation Studies.
    7. Francesco Capone, 2007. "Mapping and Analysing Creative Systems in Italy (1991–2001)," Chapters, in: Philip Cooke & Luciana Lazzeretti (ed.), Creative Cities, Cultural Clusters and Local Economic Development, chapter 14, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    8. Richard Florida & Charlotta Mellander & Kevin Stolarick, 2008. "Inside the black box of regional development: human capital, the creative class and tolerance," Journal of Economic Geography, Oxford University Press, vol. 8(5), pages 615-649, September.
    9. Luciana Lazzeretti & Rafael Boix & Francesco Capone, 2008. "Do Creative Industries Cluster? Mapping Creative Local Production Systems in Italy and Spain," Industry and Innovation, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 15(5), pages 549-567.
    10. Michael Fritsch & Michael Stützer, 2012. "The Geography of Creative People in Germany revisited," Jena Economics Research Papers 2012-065, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena.
    11. Mark Lorenzen & Kristina Vaarst Andersen, 2009. "Centrality and Creativity: Does Richard Florida’s Creative Class Offer New Insights into Urban Hierarchy?," Economic Geography, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 85(4), pages 363-390, October.
    12. Luciana Lazzeretti & Rafael Boix & Francesco Capone, 2008. "Do creative industries cluster? Mapping Creative Local Production Systems in Italy," Working Papers wpdea0805, Department of Applied Economics at Universitat Autonoma of Barcelona.
    13. Ellison, Glenn & Glaeser, Edward L, 1997. "Geographic Concentration in U.S. Manufacturing Industries: A Dartboard Approach," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 105(5), pages 889-927, October.
    14. Martin Campbell-Kelly & Marina Danilevsky & Daniel Garcia-Swartz & Shane Pederson, 2010. "Clustering in the Creative Industries: Insights from the Origins of Computer Software," Industry and Innovation, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 17(3), pages 309-329.
    15. Fritsch, Michael & Stuetzer, Michael, 2008. "The Geography of Creative People in Germany," MPRA Paper 21965, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    16. Blanca de-Miguel-Molina & Jose-Luis Hervas-Oliver & Rafael Boix & Maria De-Miguel-Molina, 2011. "The Importance of Creative Industry Agglomerations in Explaining the Wealth of European Regions," European Planning Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 20(8), pages 1263-1280, March.
    17. Harald Bathelt, 2002. "The Re-emergence of a Media Industry Cluster in Leipzig," European Planning Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 10(5), pages 583-611, July.
    18. Charlotta Mellander, 2009. "Creative and Knowledge Industries: An Occupational Distribution Approach," Economic Development Quarterly, , vol. 23(4), pages 294-305, November.
    19. Christy Collis & Simon Freebody & Terry Flew, 2013. "Seeing the Outer Suburbs: Addressing the Urban Bias in Creative Place Thinking," Regional Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 47(2), pages 148-160, February.
    20. Pratt, Andy C., 2006. "Advertising and creativity, a governance approach: a case study of creative agencies in London," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 20703, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    21. Ann Markusen & Gregory H. Wassall & Douglas DeNatale & Randy Cohen, 2008. "Defining the Creative Economy: Industry and Occupational Approaches," Economic Development Quarterly, , vol. 22(1), pages 24-45, February.
    22. Andy C Pratt, 2006. "Advertising and Creativity, a Governance Approach: A Case Study of Creative Agencies in London," Environment and Planning A, , vol. 38(10), pages 1883-1899, October.
    23. Alessandra Faggian & Roberta Comunian & Sarah Jewell & Ursula Kelly, 2013. "Bohemian Graduates in the UK: Disciplines and Location Determinants of Creative Careers," Regional Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 47(2), pages 183-200, February.
    24. Helene Martin‐Brelot & Michel Grossetti & Denis Eckert & Olga Gritsai & Zoltán Kovács, 2010. "The Spatial Mobility of the ‘Creative Class’: A European Perspective," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 34(4), pages 854-870, December.
    25. Luciana Lazzeretti & Francesco Capone & Rafael Boix, 2011. "Reasons for Clustering of Creative Industries in Italy and Spain," European Planning Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 20(8), pages 1243-1262, July.
    26. Høgni Kalsø Hansen & Thomas Niedomysl, 2009. "Migration of the creative class: evidence from Sweden," Journal of Economic Geography, Oxford University Press, vol. 9(2), pages 191-206, March.
    27. Weiping Wu, 2005. "Dynamic cities and creative clusters," Policy Research Working Paper Series 3509, The World Bank.
    28. Maurel, Francoise & Sedillot, Beatrice, 1999. "A measure of the geographic concentration in french manufacturing industries," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 29(5), pages 575-604, September.
    29. Mark Lorenzen & Kristina Vaarst Andersen, 2009. "Centrality and Creativity: Does Richard Florida's Creative Class Offer New Insights into Urban Hierarchy?," Economic Geography, Clark University, vol. 85(4), pages 363-390, October.
    30. Enrico E. Bertacchini & Paola Borrione, 2013. "The Geography of the Italian Creative Economy: The Special Role of the Design and Craft-based Industries," Regional Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 47(2), pages 135-147, February.
    31. Allen Scott, 2002. "A new map of Hollywood: the production and distribution of American motion pictures," Regional Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 36(9), pages 957-975.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Luciana Lazzeretti & Niccolò Innocenti & Francesco Capone, 2017. "The impact of related variety on the creative employment growth," The Annals of Regional Science, Springer;Western Regional Science Association, vol. 58(3), pages 491-512, May.
    2. Eva Coll‐Martínez & Ana‐Isabel Moreno‐Monroy & Josep‐Maria Arauzo‐Carod, 2019. "Agglomeration of creative industries: An intra‐metropolitan analysis for Barcelona," Papers in Regional Science, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 98(1), pages 409-431, February.
    3. Arnold Csonka & Štefan Bojnec & Imre Fertő, 2021. "Spatial Transformation of the Pig Sector in Hungary and Slovenia: A Comparative Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-15, October.
    4. Khlystova, Olena & Kalyuzhnova, Yelena & Belitski, Maksim, 2022. "The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the creative industries: A literature review and future research agenda," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 139(C), pages 1192-1210.
    5. Janc Krzysztof & Raczyk Andrzej & Dołzbłasz Sylwia, 2020. "Not Only in Cities: Creative Activities in Rural Areas with a Case Study of Lower Silesia," Quaestiones Geographicae, Sciendo, vol. 39(2), pages 97-112, June.
    6. Aurora A. C. Teixeira & Rosa Portela Forte, 2017. "Prior education and entrepreneurial intentions: the differential impact of a wide range of fields of study," Review of Managerial Science, Springer, vol. 11(2), pages 353-394, March.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Sara Santos Cruz & Aurora A.C. Teixeira, 2012. "Methodological approaches for measuring the creative employment: a critical appraisal with an application to Portugal," FEP Working Papers 455, Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Economia do Porto.
    2. Kamila Borseková & Anna Vaňová & Janka Šúrová & Pavol Kráľ & Kamila Turečková & Jan Nevima & Stanislav Martinát, 2021. "The Nexus between Creative Actors and Regional Development," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(3), pages 1-18, March.
    3. Eckhardt Bode & Lucia Perez Villar, 2017. "Creativity, education or what? On the measurement of regional human capital," Papers in Regional Science, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 96, pages 51-67, March.
    4. Emanuela Marrocu & Raffaele Paci, 2011. "Education or just Creativity: what matters most for economic performance?," ERSA conference papers ersa11p199, European Regional Science Association.
    5. Rahel Falk & Hasan Bakhshi & Martin Falk & Wilhelm Geiger & Susanne Karr & Catherine Keppel & Hannes Leo & Roland Spitzlinger, 2011. "Innovation and Competitiveness of the Creative Industries," WIFO Studies, WIFO, number 41510.
    6. Neil Lee & Andr�s Rodr�guez-Pose, 2014. "Innovation in Creative Cities: Evidence from British Small Firms," Industry and Innovation, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 21(6), pages 494-512, August.
    7. Rafael Boix Domenech & Luciana Lazzeretti & Francesco Capone & Lisa De Propris & Daniel Sanchez, 2011. "The geography of creative industries in Europe: A comparison analysis in Italy, France, the United Kingdom, Spain and Portugal," ERSA conference papers ersa10p1501, European Regional Science Association.
    8. Cattivelli, Valentina & Stawinoga, Agnieszka, 2019. "A revised application of 3Ts´ Florida in peri-urban areas," MPRA Paper 99221, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    9. Aurélie LALANNE & Guillaume POUYANNE, 2012. "Ten years of metropolization in economics: a bibliometric approach (In French)," Cahiers du GREThA (2007-2019) 2012-11, Groupe de Recherche en Economie Théorique et Appliquée (GREThA).
    10. Richard Florida & Charlotta Mellander & Patrick Adler, 2011. "The Creative Class Paradigm," Chapters, in: David Emanuel Andersson & Åke E. Andersson & Charlotta Mellander (ed.), Handbook of Creative Cities, chapter 3, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    11. Silvia Cerisola & Elisa Panzera, 2021. "Cultural and Creative Cities and Regional Economic Efficiency: Context Conditions as Catalyzers of Cultural Vibrancy and Creative Economy," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(13), pages 1-23, June.
    12. Kristina Vaarst Andersen & Høgni Kalsø Hansen & Arne Isaksen & Mika Raunio, 2010. "Nordic City Regions in the Creative Class Debate—Putting the Creative Class Thesis to a Test," Industry and Innovation, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 17(2), pages 215-240.
    13. Roberto Antonietti, 2011. "From creativity to innovativeness: micro evidence from Italy," Openloc Working Papers 1117, Public policies and local development.
    14. Lily Kiminami & Akira Kiminami & Shinichi Furuzawa, 2018. "Impacts of multi-functionality of urban agriculture on the CCs in Japan," Asia-Pacific Journal of Regional Science, Springer, vol. 2(2), pages 507-527, August.
    15. Chantelot Sèbastien, 2011. "French creative clusters: An exploratory spatial data analysis," ERSA conference papers ersa10p477, European Regional Science Association.
    16. Wentao Yu & Jin Hong & Yanrui Wu & Dingtao Zhao, 2013. "Emerging Geography of Creativity and Labor Productivity Effects in China," China & World Economy, Institute of World Economics and Politics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, vol. 21(5), pages 78-99, September.
    17. Roberto Antonietti, 2015. "Does Local Creative Employment Affect Firm Innovativeness? Microeconometric Evidence from Italy," SCIENZE REGIONALI, FrancoAngeli Editore, vol. 2015(3), pages 5-29.
    18. Gutierrez-Posada, Diana & Kitsos, Tasos & Nathan, Max & Nuccio, Massimiliano, 2021. "Do Creative Industries Generate Multiplier Effects? Evidence from UK Cities, 1997-2018," SocArXiv xs8zg, Center for Open Science.
    19. Silvia Cerisola, 2019. "A new perspective on the cultural heritage–development nexus: the role of creativity," Journal of Cultural Economics, Springer;The Association for Cultural Economics International, vol. 43(1), pages 21-56, March.
    20. Karima Kourtit & Yuyuan Wen & Peter Nijkamp & Wentao Yu & Jin Hong & Yunhao Zhu & Dora Marinova & Xiumei Guo, 2014. "Creative industry clusters, regional innovation and economic growth in China," Regional Science Policy & Practice, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 6(4), pages 329-347, November.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Spatial economics; industrial location; creative industries;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C01 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - General - - - Econometrics
    • R12 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - General Regional Economics - - - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity; Interregional Trade (economic geography)
    • R30 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - Real Estate Markets, Spatial Production Analysis, and Firm Location - - - General

    NEP fields

    This paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports:

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:por:fepwps:508. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: the person in charge (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/fepuppt.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.