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Comprehensive Review of Deep Reinforcement Learning Methods and Applications in Economics

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  • Mosavi, Amir
  • Faghan, Yaser
  • Ghamisi, Pedram
  • Duan, Puhong
  • Ardabili, Sina Faizollahzadeh
  • Hassan, Salwana
  • Band, Shahab S.

Abstract

The popularity of deep reinforcement learning (DRL) applications in economics has increased exponentially. DRL, through a wide range of capabilities from reinforcement learning (RL) to deep learning (DL), offers vast opportunities for handling sophisticated dynamic economics systems. DRL is characterized by scalability with the potential to be applied to high-dimensional problems in conjunction with noisy and nonlinear patterns of economic data. In this paper, we initially consider a brief review of DL, RL, and deep RL methods in diverse applications in economics, providing an in-depth insight into the state-of-the-art. Furthermore, the architecture of DRL applied to economic applications is investigated in order to highlight the complexity, robustness, accuracy, performance, computational tasks, risk constraints, and profitability. The survey results indicate that DRL can provide better performance and higher efficiency as compared to the traditional algorithms while facing real economic problems in the presence of risk parameters and the ever-increasing uncertainties.

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  • Mosavi, Amir & Faghan, Yaser & Ghamisi, Pedram & Duan, Puhong & Ardabili, Sina Faizollahzadeh & Hassan, Salwana & Band, Shahab S., 2020. "Comprehensive Review of Deep Reinforcement Learning Methods and Applications in Economics," OSF Preprints jrc58, Center for Open Science.
    • Handle: RePEc:osf:osfxxx:jrc58
    DOI: 10.31219/osf.io/jrc58
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    Cited by:

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    2. Ben Hambly & Renyuan Xu & Huining Yang, 2021. "Recent Advances in Reinforcement Learning in Finance," Papers 2112.04553, arXiv.org, revised Feb 2023.
    3. Xiao-Shan Chen & Min Gyeong Kim & Chi-Ho Lin & Hyung Jong Na, 2025. "Development of per Capita GDP Forecasting Model Using Deep Learning: Including Consumer Goods Index and Unemployment Rate," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(3), pages 1-28, January.
    4. Valentin Kuleto & Milena Ilić & Mihail Dumangiu & Marko Ranković & Oliva M. D. Martins & Dan Păun & Larisa Mihoreanu, 2021. "Exploring Opportunities and Challenges of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Higher Education Institutions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(18), pages 1-16, September.
    5. Petr Suler & Zuzana Rowland & Tomas Krulicky, 2021. "Evaluation of the Accuracy of Machine Learning Predictions of the Czech Republic’s Exports to the China," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 14(2), pages 1-30, February.
    6. Berigel, Muhammet & Boztaş, Gizem Dilan & Rocca, Antonella & Neagu, Gabriela, 2024. "Using machine learning for NEETs and sustainability studies: Determining best machine learning algorithms," Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 94(C).
    7. Fatemehsadat Mirshafiee & Emad Shahbazi & Mohadeseh Safi & Rituraj Rituraj, 2023. "Predicting Power and Hydrogen Generation of a Renewable Energy Converter Utilizing Data-Driven Methods: A Sustainable Smart Grid Case Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-20, January.
    8. Fernando Loor & Veronica Gil-Costa & Mauricio Marin, 2024. "Metric Space Indices for Dynamic Optimization in a Peer to Peer-Based Image Classification Crowdsourcing Platform," Future Internet, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-29, June.
    9. Chien-Liang Chiu & Paoyu Huang & Min-Yuh Day & Yensen Ni & Yuhsin Chen, 2024. "Mastery of “Monthly Effects”: Big Data Insights into Contrarian Strategies for DJI 30 and NDX 100 Stocks over a Two-Decade Period," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 12(2), pages 1-21, January.
    10. Jifan Zhang & Salih Tutun & Samira Fazel Anvaryazdi & Mohammadhossein Amini & Durai Sundaramoorthi & Hema Sundaramoorthi, 2024. "Management of resource sharing in emergency response using data-driven analytics," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 339(1), pages 663-692, August.
    11. Rui (Aruhan) Shi, 2021. "Learning from Zero: How to Make Consumption-Saving Decisions in a Stochastic Environment with an AI Algorithm," CESifo Working Paper Series 9255, CESifo.
    12. Reilly Pickard & Yuri Lawryshyn, 2023. "Deep Reinforcement Learning for Dynamic Stock Option Hedging: A Review," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 11(24), pages 1-19, December.
    13. Rui & Shi, 2021. "Learning from zero: how to make consumption-saving decisions in a stochastic environment with an AI algorithm," Papers 2105.10099, arXiv.org, revised Feb 2022.
    14. Brini, Alessio & Tedeschi, Gabriele & Tantari, Daniele, 2023. "Reinforcement learning policy recommendation for interbank network stability," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
    15. Charl Maree & Christian W. Omlin, 2022. "Balancing Profit, Risk, and Sustainability for Portfolio Management," Papers 2207.02134, arXiv.org.
    16. Bruno Gašperov & Stjepan Begušić & Petra Posedel Šimović & Zvonko Kostanjčar, 2021. "Reinforcement Learning Approaches to Optimal Market Making," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 9(21), pages 1-22, October.
    17. Mei-Li Shen & Cheng-Feng Lee & Hsiou-Hsiang Liu & Po-Yin Chang & Cheng-Hong Yang, 2021. "An Effective Hybrid Approach for Forecasting Currency Exchange Rates," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-29, March.
    18. Jan Niederreiter, 2023. "Broadening Economics in the Era of Artificial Intelligence and Experimental Evidence," Italian Economic Journal: A Continuation of Rivista Italiana degli Economisti and Giornale degli Economisti, Springer;Società Italiana degli Economisti (Italian Economic Association), vol. 9(1), pages 265-294, March.
    19. Amir Masoud Rahmani & Efat Yousefpoor & Mohammad Sadegh Yousefpoor & Zahid Mehmood & Amir Haider & Mehdi Hosseinzadeh & Rizwan Ali Naqvi, 2021. "Machine Learning (ML) in Medicine: Review, Applications, and Challenges," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 9(22), pages 1-52, November.
    20. Shidi Deng & Maximilian Schiffer & Martin Bichler, 2024. "Algorithmic Collusion in Dynamic Pricing with Deep Reinforcement Learning," Papers 2406.02437, arXiv.org.
    21. Ben Hambly & Renyuan Xu & Huining Yang, 2023. "Recent advances in reinforcement learning in finance," Mathematical Finance, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(3), pages 437-503, July.
    22. Adrian Millea, 2021. "Deep Reinforcement Learning for Trading—A Critical Survey," Data, MDPI, vol. 6(11), pages 1-25, November.
    23. Tian Zhu & Wei Zhu, 2022. "Quantitative Trading through Random Perturbation Q-Network with Nonlinear Transaction Costs," Stats, MDPI, vol. 5(2), pages 1-15, June.
    24. Dimitrios Vamvakas & Panagiotis Michailidis & Christos Korkas & Elias Kosmatopoulos, 2023. "Review and Evaluation of Reinforcement Learning Frameworks on Smart Grid Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(14), pages 1-38, July.
    25. Callum Rhys Tilbury, 2022. "Reinforcement Learning for Economic Policy: A New Frontier?," Papers 2206.08781, arXiv.org, revised Feb 2023.

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