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The Role of Institutions and Firm Heterogeneity for Labour Market Adjustment: Cross-Country Firm-Level Evidence

Author

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  • Peter Gal

    (VU University Amsterdam)

  • Alexander Hijzen

    (OECD)

  • Zoltan Wolf

    (United States Census Bureau)

Abstract

This paper investigates the role of policies and institutions for aggregate labour market dynamics during the global financial crisis using firm-level data. The use of firm-level data is important if firms are heterogeneous in their labour input adjustment technologies. In this case, cross-country differences in aggregate labour market dynamics may not just stem from cross-country differences in average labour input technologies - here assumed to be largely due to differences in institutional settings -, but also from differences in the distribution of shocks across firms within countries and the composition of firms across countries. The contribution of this paper is threefold. First, the paper provides comparable estimates of the labour input adjustment behaviour of firms in response to output shocks across countries, industries and firm-size groups. Second, it makes use of decomposition methods to get a first indication of the importance of cross-country differences in adjustment technologies, the distribution of shocks across firms and the composition of firms across countries. We find that differences in the adjustment behaviour of firms account for about 40% of the cross-country variation in aggregate employment growth during the global financial crisis. We interpret this as prima facie evidence that differences in institutional settings accounted for a substantial part of the variation in aggregate employment growth during the crisis. Third, we find that employment-protection provisions with respect to regular workers reduce the output elasticity of employment, but increase the output elasticity of earnings per worker. Thus, employment protection tends to shift the burden of adjustment from the extensive to the intensive margin. However, the quantitative impact of employment protection for explaining the variation in aggregate labour dynamics during the global financial crisis is relatively small. Cet article étudie le rôle des politiques et des institutions sur la dynamique générale du marché du travail au cours de la crise financière mondiale au moyen de données au niveau des entreprises. Le recours aux données au niveau des entreprises devient nécessaire si les entreprises sont hétérogènes en termes de techniques d’ajustement du facteur travail. Dans ce cas, les différences entre pays en matière de dynamique générale du marché du travail peuvent non seulement provenir de différences des techniques de l’ajustement moyen du facteur travail entre pays - supposées ici être dues en grande partie à des différences d’environnement institutionnel -, mais également d’écarts au niveau de la répartition des chocs entre les entreprises au sein des pays et de la composition des entreprises entre pays. La contribution de cet article est triple. Tout d'abord, cet article fournit des estimations comparables du comportement d'ajustement du facteur travail des entreprises en réponse à des chocs de production entre pays, branches d’activité et taille d'entreprise. Deuxièmement, il fait appel à des méthodes de décomposition pour obtenir une première indication de l'importance des différences entre pays en matière d’ajustement, de répartition des chocs entre les entreprises et de composition des entreprises entre pays. Nous constatons que les différences dans le comportement d'ajustement des entreprises représentent environ 40% de la variation entre pays de la croissance globale de l'emploi pendant la crise financière mondiale. Nous interprétons cela comme une preuve prima facie que les différences d’environnement institutionnel représentent une part substantielle de la variation de la croissance globale de l'emploi pendant la crise. Troisièmement, nous constatons que les dispositions en matière de protection de l’emploi des travailleurs réguliers réduisent l’élasticité de l’emploi à la production, mais augmentent l'élasticité des gains par travailleurs à la production. La protection d’emploi incite les entreprises à ajuster moins à la marge extensive mais davantage à la marge intensive. Pourtant l'impact quantitatif de la protection de l'emploi est limité pour expliquer la variation globale de la dynamique du travail au cours de la crise financière mondiale.

Suggested Citation

  • Peter Gal & Alexander Hijzen & Zoltan Wolf, 2012. "The Role of Institutions and Firm Heterogeneity for Labour Market Adjustment: Cross-Country Firm-Level Evidence," OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers 134, OECD Publishing.
  • Handle: RePEc:oec:elsaab:134-en
    DOI: 10.1787/5k913gcn5bf3-en
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    Cited by:

    1. Ronald Bachmann & Peggy Bechara & Anica Kramer & Sylvi Rzepka, 2015. "Labour market dynamics and worker heterogeneity during the Great Recession – Evidence from Europe," IZA Journal of European Labor Studies, Springer;Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit GmbH (IZA), vol. 4(1), pages 1-29, December.
    2. Joachim Wagner & Yama Temouri, 2021. "Do Outliers and Unobserved Heterogeneity Explain the Exporter Productivity Premium? Evidence from France, Germany and the United Kingdom," World Scientific Book Chapters, in: Joachim Wagner (ed.), MICROECONOMETRIC STUDIES OF FIRMS’ IMPORTS AND EXPORTS Advanced Methods of Analysis and Evidence from German Enterprises, chapter 13, pages 223-236, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd..
    3. Ronald Bachmann & Peggy Bechara & Anica Kramer & Sylvi Rzepka, 2014. "Labour Market Dynamics and Worker Heterogeneity During the Great Recession – Evidence from Europe," Ruhr Economic Papers 0499, Rheinisch-Westfälisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universität Dortmund, Universität Duisburg-Essen.
    4. Cristina Fernández & Roberta García & Paloma Lopez-Garcia & Benedicta Marzinotto & Roberta Serafini & Juuso Vanhala & Ladislav Wintr, 2017. "Firm growth in Europe: An overview based on the COMPNET labour module," BCL working papers 107, Central Bank of Luxembourg.
    5. Vivian Carstensen, 2013. "The German Labor Market Miracle Revisited: Risk Elimination in Working Time Accounts," Eurasian Journal of Social Sciences, Eurasian Publications, vol. 1(1), pages 19-38.
    6. Bendicta Marzinotto & Ladislav Wintr, 2019. "Employment protection and firm-level job reallocation: Adjusting for coverage," BCL working papers 131, Central Bank of Luxembourg.
    7. Hijzen, Alexander & Kambayashi, Ryo & Teruyama, Hiroshi & Genda, Yuji, 2015. "The Japanese labour market during the global financial crisis and the role of non-standard work: A micro perspective," Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 260-281.
    8. Chiara Criscuolo & Peter N. Gal & Carlo Menon, 2014. "The Dynamics of Employment Growth: New Evidence from 18 Countries," CEP Discussion Papers dp1274, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE.
    9. repec:zbw:rwirep:0499 is not listed on IDEAS
    10. Pierre Cahuc & Pauline Carry & Franck Malherbet & Pedro S. Martins, 2023. "Spillover effects of employment protection," Nova SBE Working Paper Series wp655, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Nova School of Business and Economics.
    11. Fornaro, Paolo & Luomaranta, Henri, 2017. "Small and Medium Firms, Aggregate Productivity and the Role of Dependencies," ETLA Working Papers 47, The Research Institute of the Finnish Economy.
    12. Carolina Correa-Caro & Leandro Medina & Mr. Marcos Poplawski Ribeiro & Mr. Bennett W Sutton, 2018. "Fiscal Stimulus Impact on Firms' Profitability During the Global Financial Crisis," IMF Working Papers 2018/251, International Monetary Fund.
    13. Hijzen, Alexander & Mondauto, Leopoldo & Scarpetta, Stefano, 2013. "The Perverse Effects of Job-Security Provisions on Job Security in Italy: Results from a Regression Discontinuity Design," IZA Discussion Papers 7594, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    14. Hijzen, Alexander & Mondauto, Leopoldo & Scarpetta, Stefano, 2017. "The impact of employment protection on temporary employment: Evidence from a regression discontinuity design," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 46(C), pages 64-76.
    15. Paula Garda & Volker Ziemann, 2014. "Economic Policies and Microeconomic Stability: A Literature Review and Some Empirics," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 1115, OECD Publishing.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    employment protection; global financial crisis;

    JEL classification:

    • E24 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment - - - Employment; Unemployment; Wages; Intergenerational Income Distribution; Aggregate Human Capital; Aggregate Labor Productivity
    • J23 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Labor Demand

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