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QFD: Conceptos, aplicaciones y nuevos desarrollos

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  • Enrique Yacuzzi
  • Fernando Martín

Abstract

El despliegue de la función de calidad (o QFD, por sus siglas inglesas) es un método de diseño de productos y servicios que recoge las demandas y expectativas de los clientes y las traduce, en pasos sucesivos, a características técnicas y operativas satisfactorias. Luego de una introducción histórica, en este documento de trabajo ilustramos los conceptos principales del QFD, destacamos sus ventajas y damos recomendaciones de uso. Utilizamos en la presentación el diseño original de un envase farmacéutico. Para brindar una perspectiva amplia y moderna del QFD, describimos sus principales campos de aplicación y algunos enfoques nuevos utilizados en su construcción. Finalmente, presentamos un resumen y conclusiones. El QFD se originó en el Japón en la década de 1960 y su metodología se consolidó y expandió geográficamente en las décadas siguientes. En el origen del QFD está la denominada matriz de la calidad, que es en esencia una tabla que relaciona la voz del cliente con los requerimientos que la satisfacen. La matriz de la calidad suele desplegarse para dar lugar a otras matrices que permiten hacer operativa a la voz del cliente. Las aplicaciones recientes del QFD trascienden a las industrias manufactureras y de los servicios y comprenden la formulación de la estrategia empresarial y el análisis organizacional en los sectores público y privado. También se están aplicando al QFD los conjuntos fuzzy y otros métodos refinados de las matemáticas. Más allá de estos enfoques cuantitativos-cuya relevancia en las etapas iniciales de un programa de calidad comentamos-el QFD se caracteriza por su carácter cualitativo. En las últimas décadas viene haciéndose notoria una tendencia de trabajo que, sin descuidar el análisis estadístico en las aplicaciones del marketing, presta especial atención a los elementos cualitativos, que permiten conocer mejor al cliente y contribuir a un tiempo al control de los costos: el QFD se inscribe en esta tendencia. Destacamos el valor integrador de la matriz de la calidad-núcleo del QFD-que, en un único gráfico, indica los requerimientos del cliente, establece las características técnicas capaces de satisfacerlos, y brinda la posibilidad de comparar el producto de la propia empresa con otros de la competencia. Pero este valor integrador no se reduce al aspecto gráfico, sino que influye sobre la organización en su conjunto; en efecto, gracias a la matriz de la calidad, los integrantes de áreas heterogéneas de la firma se forman una idea más acabada de las complejas relaciones que hacen al diseño de productos satisfactorios. De esta forma, se comprende mejor la importancia de los datos, se facilita el diálogo, se asignan prioridades, y se establecen métricas y objetivos armónicos-todo ello sin perder el contacto con el cliente y con los productos de los competidores.

Suggested Citation

  • Enrique Yacuzzi & Fernando Martín, 2003. "QFD: Conceptos, aplicaciones y nuevos desarrollos," CEMA Working Papers: Serie Documentos de Trabajo. 234, Universidad del CEMA.
  • Handle: RePEc:cem:doctra:234
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Enrique Yacuzzi & Fernando Martín, 2002. "Aplicación del método de Kano en el diseño de un producto farmacéutico," CEMA Working Papers: Serie Documentos de Trabajo. 224, Universidad del CEMA.
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    3. Abbie Griffin & John R. Hauser, 1992. "Patterns of Communication Among Marketing, Engineering and Manufacturing---A Comparison Between Two New Product Teams," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 38(3), pages 360-373, March.
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