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Size And Industry Effects In The Performance Of Agricultural Cooperatives

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  • Lerman, Zvi
  • Parliament, Claudia

Abstract

The objective of this study is to determine if there are important size and industry effects on financial pertormance of agricultural cooperatives. The performance of 43 dairy, food, grain, and farm supply cooperatives in the US was analyzed over the period 1970-1987 using financial ratios derived from accounting data. The analysis revealed significant size and industry effects. Large regional cooperatives are more efficient in utilizing their assets to generate sales, while small regional cooperatives have higher profitability. The findings suggest that the emphasis on growth may not always produce· beneficial results among agricultural cooperatives. Among the four industries studies, the dairy regional cooperatives appear to be the strongest performers, while the food marketing cooperatives are characterized by the lowest performance measures. Since both dairy and food cooperatives engage in value-added processing, this difference in performance makes it difficult to reach clear conclusions about possible advantages or disadvantages of. vertical integration relative to traditional cooperative activities. Trend analysis indicates that the profitability of the agricultural cooperatives in all industry and size categories declined in response to the downturn in US agriculture after 1980. While the decline in profitability was at similar rates for both large and small cooperatives, the variation of efficiency and leverage was in opposite directions. Large cooperatives may be expected to continue improving their asset utilization without relative improvement in profitability, and increasing the level of their debt in relation to equity.

Suggested Citation

  • Lerman, Zvi & Parliament, Claudia, 1990. "Size And Industry Effects In The Performance Of Agricultural Cooperatives," 1990 Annual meeting, August 5-8, Vancouver, Canada 271036, American Agricultural Economics Association (New Name 2008: Agricultural and Applied Economics Association).
    • Handle: RePEc:ags:aaea90:271036
    DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.271036
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    1. Parliament, Claudia & Taitt, Jodi, 1989. "Mergers, Consolidations, Acquisitions: Effect On Performance Of Agricultural Cooperatives," Staff Papers 13384, University of Minnesota, Department of Applied Economics.
    2. Zvi Lerman & Claudia Parliament, 1990. "Comparative performance of cooperatives and investor-owned firms in US food industries," Agribusiness, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 6(6), pages 527-540.
    3. Babb, Emerson M. & Lang, Mahlon G., 1985. "Implications of Comparative Performance of Cooperatives and Investor Owned Firms," North Central Region Archives 303324, North Central Region - North Central Cooperative Extension Association (NCCEA).
    4. Lerman, Zvi & Parliament, Claudia, 1990. "Comparative Performance of Food-Processing Cooperatives and Investor-Owned Firms in the U.S," Working Papers 232668, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Center for Agricultural Economic Research.
    5. Parliament, Claudia & Lerman, Zvi & Fulton, Joan R., 1990. "Performance of Cooperatives and Investor-Owned Firms in the Dairy Industry," Journal of Agricultural Cooperation, National Council of Farmer Cooperatives, vol. 5, pages 1-16.
    6. Kwo-Shin Chen & Emerson M. Babb & Lee F. Schrader, 1985. "Growth of large cooperative and proprietary firms in the US food sector," Agribusiness, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 1(2), pages 201-210.
    7. Lerman, Zvi & Parliament, Claudia, 1990. "Comparative Performance Of Food-Processing Cooperatives And Investor-Owned Firms," Staff Papers 13455, University of Minnesota, Department of Applied Economics.
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    1. Isidoro Guzmán Raja & Narciso Arcas Lario & Domingo García Pérez de Lema, 2006. "La eficiencia técnica como medida de rendimiento de las cooperativas agrarias," CIRIEC-España, revista de economía pública, social y cooperativa, CIRIEC-España, issue 55, pages 289-311, August.
    2. Allan P. Bacho & Olga I. Murova, 2017. "Financial Performance Analysis of Corn-based Ethanol Enterprises in the U.S," Business and Economic Research, Macrothink Institute, vol. 7(1), pages 242-260, June.
    3. Isidoro GUZMÁN & Narciso ARCAS, 2008. "The Usefulness Of Accounting Information In The Measurement Of Technical Efficiency In Agricultural Cooperatives," Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 79(1), pages 107-131, March.
    4. Zivkovic, Sanja & Hudson, Darren, 2015. "Impact of the relationship between managers and the board of directors on economic performance of agricultural cooperatives," 2015 Annual Meeting, January 31-February 3, 2015, Atlanta, Georgia 196888, Southern Agricultural Economics Association.
    5. Thembi Xaba & Nyankomo Marwa & Babita Mathur-Helm, 2018. "Efficiency and Profitability Analysis of Agricultural Cooperatives in Mpumalanga, South Africa," Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, AMH International, vol. 10(6), pages 1-10.
    6. MCarmen Martínez†Victoria & Narciso Arcas Lario & Mariluz Maté Sánchez Val, 2018. "Financial behavior of cooperatives and investor†owned firms: An empirical analysis of the Spanish fruit and vegetable sector," Agribusiness, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 34(2), pages 456-471, March.
    7. Chiara Carini & Ericka Costa, 2013. "Exploring the performance of social cooperatives during the economic crisis: the Italian case," Euricse Working Papers 1359, Euricse (European Research Institute on Cooperative and Social Enterprises).
    8. Matyja, Małgorzata, 2017. "A Comparative Study of Profitability of Agricultural Cooperatives in Poland and Around the World," Problems of World Agriculture / Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, vol. 17(32, Part ), December.
    9. Parliament, Claudia & Lerman, Zvi, 1993. "Risk and Equity in Agricultural Cooperatives," Journal of Agricultural Cooperation, National Council of Farmer Cooperatives, vol. 8, pages 1-14.
    10. Theo Benos & Nikos Kalogeras & Martin Wetzels & Ko De Ruyter & Joost M. E. Pennings, 2018. "Harnessing a ‘Currency Matrix’ for Performance Measurement in Cooperatives: A Multi-Phased Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(12), pages 1-38, December.
    11. Qiao Liang & Rongrong Bai & Zhi Jin & Linlin Fu, 2023. "Big and strong or small and beautiful: Effects of organization size on the performance of farmer cooperatives in China," Agribusiness, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 39(1), pages 196-213, January.
    12. Caetano Luiz Beber & Sebastian Lakner & Ioannis Skevas, 2021. "Organizational forms and technical efficiency of the dairy processing industry in Southern Brazil," Agricultural and Food Economics, Springer;Italian Society of Agricultural Economics (SIDEA), vol. 9(1), pages 1-22, December.
    13. Ericka Costa & Michele Andreaus & Chiara Carini & Maurizio Carpita, 2012. "Exploring the efficiency of Italian social cooperatives by descriptive and principal component analysis," Service Business, Springer;Pan-Pacific Business Association, vol. 6(1), pages 117-136, March.
    14. Grashuis, Jasper & Cook, Michael, 2016. "Capital, Ownership, and Governance: Analyzing the Structure of U.S. Farmer Cooperatives," 2016 Annual Meeting, July 31-August 2, Boston, Massachusetts 235677, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
    15. A. M. Hind, 1994. "Cooperatives – Under Performers By Nature? An Exploratory Analysis Of Cooperative And Non‐Cooperative Companies In The Agri‐Business Sector," Journal of Agricultural Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 45(2), pages 213-219, May.
    16. Chiara Carini & Ericka Costa & Maurizio Carpita & Michele Andreaus, 2012. "The Italian Social Cooperatives in 2008: A Portrait Using Descriptive and Principal Component Analysis," Euricse Working Papers 1235, Euricse (European Research Institute on Cooperative and Social Enterprises).
    17. Narciso Arcas Lario, 2002. "Contribución de las cooperativas agrarias de segundo grado a la orientación al mercado de sus cooperativas asociadas: efectos en el desempeño de la relación," CIRIEC-España, revista de economía pública, social y cooperativa, CIRIEC-España, issue 41, pages 139-161, August.
    18. Kakulia, Nino & Kochlamazashvili, Irakli & Mamardashvili, Mamardashvili, 2016. "Size and Sector Effects in the Performance of Agricultural Cooperatives: The Case of Georgia," Samarkand Conference 2016, November 2-4, Samarkand, Uzbekistan 249974, Institute of Agricultural Development in Transition Economies (IAMO).
    19. Jan Falkowski & Pavel Ciaian, 2016. "Factors Supporting the Development of Producer Organizations and their Impacts in the Light of Ongoing Changes in Food Supply Chains: A Literature Review," JRC Research Reports JRC101617, Joint Research Centre.
    20. Lehenchuk, Serhii & Raboshuk, Alina & Zhyhlei, Iryna & Zakharov, Dmytro & Fedoryshyna, Lidiia, 2023. "Financial performance determinants of Ukrainian agricultural companies in the pre-war period," Agricultural and Resource Economics: International Scientific E-Journal, Agricultural and Resource Economics: International Scientific E-Journal, vol. 9(4), December.
    21. Carmen María Hernández‐Nicolás & Juan Francisco Martín‐Ugedo & Antonio Mínguez‐Vera, 2019. "The effect of gender diversity on the board of Spanish agricultural cooperatives on returns and debt: An empirical analysis," Agribusiness, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 35(4), pages 639-656, October.
    22. Chen, Andrew & Hwang, Yuhchang & Shao, Benjamin, 2005. "Measurement and sources of overall and input inefficiencies: Evidences and implications in hospital services," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 161(2), pages 447-468, March.
    23. Arcas-Lario, Narciso & Martín-Ugedo, Juan Francisco & Mínguez-Vera, Antonio, 2014. "Farmers’ Satisfaction with Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Marketing Spanish Cooperatives: An Explanation from Agency Theory," International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, International Food and Agribusiness Management Association, vol. 17(1), pages 1-20, February.

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