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Extending pension coverage in Cambodia: The governance and investment challenges of the Social Security Investment Fund

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  • Heikki Hiilamo
  • Audrius Bitinas
  • Narith Chân

Abstract

Rapid economic growth, declining fertility and changes in family structures have encouraged the Kingdom of Cambodia to reform its old‐age pension system. The Government of Cambodia reached an important milestone in 2019, when the Law on Social Security was promulgated. The Law includes provisions for a compulsory defined benefit pension scheme, establishing a sound framework for extending compulsory pension coverage beyond the public sector to formal private‐sector workers. As a future step, the compulsory pension scheme should be extended to informal workers. To accompany the reform, the investment policy for the pension scheme’s reserve funds, including the supervisory regime and investment strategy, will be essential for the modernization of the Cambodian social security system. In this regard, Cambodia has successfully sought policy advice. However, the country should continue to seek further advice, and to act on this. Otherwise, the necessary and increasingly pressing policy ambitions of Cambodia to develop an adequate and sustainable social protection system may not be fully realized. La croissance économique rapide, la baisse de fertilité et les changements au niveau des structures familiales ont poussé le Royaume du Cambodge à réformer son système de pension de vieillesse. Le gouvernement du Cambodge a franchi un cap important en 2019, avec la promulgation de la Loi sur la sécurité sociale. Cette loi comporte des dispositions relatives à un régime de prestations de pension obligatoire, qui établit un cadre solide pour étendre le régime de pension obligatoire au‐delà du secteur public aux travailleurs formels du secteur privé. La prochaine étape consistera à étendre le régime de pension aux travailleurs informels. Pour soutenir cette réforme, la politique d’investissement pour le fonds de réserve du régime de pension, y compris le régime de surveillance et la stratégie d’investissement, sera essentielle à la modernisation du système de sécurité sociale cambodgien. À cet égard, le Cambodge a sollicité des conseils en matière de politique. Toutefois, le pays doit poursuivre sur cette voie et mettre ces conseils en pratique. Sinon, les ambitions politiques nécessaires et de plus en plus urgentes du Cambodge relatives à un système de protection sociale adéquat et durable ne seront pas pleinement concrétisées. El rápido crecimiento económico, la disminución de las tasas de fecundidad y los cambios en las estructuras familiares han alentado al Reino de Camboya a reformar su sistema de pensiones de vejez. El Gobierno de Camboya alcanzó un hito importante en 2019, cuando se promulgó la Ley de Seguridad Social. En virtud de las disposiciones de esta ley se establece un régimen de pensiones obligatorio de prestaciones definidas, por el que se crea un marco sólido para ampliar la cobertura obligatoria de las pensiones que ya existe para el sector público a los trabajadores del sector privado formal. En el futuro, el régimen de pensiones obligatorio debería ampliarse a los trabajadores de la economía informal. Para acompañar esta reforma, la política de inversiones del fondo de reserva del régimen de pensiones, incluidos el régimen de supervisión y la estrategia de inversión, será esencial para modernizar el sistema de seguridad social de Camboya. En este sentido, el país ha buscado y conseguido asesoramiento político. Sin embargo, debe seguir pidiendo asesoramiento y actuar sobre la base de los consejos recibidos. De no hacerlo, sus aspiraciones necesarias y cada vez más urgentes en materia de políticas destinadas a desarrollar un sistema de protección social adecuado y sostenible corren el riesgo de no lograrse completamente. Das Königreich Kambodscha hat aufgrund des schnellen Wirtschaftswachstums, der abnehmenden Geburtenrate und der veränderten Familienstrukturen beschlossen, sein Altersrentensystem zu reformieren. Mit der Verabschiedung des Gesetzes über soziale Sicherheit im Jahr 2019 erreichte die Regierung Kambodschas dabei einen wichtigen Meilenstein. Das Gesetz sieht ein obligatorisches Rentensystem mit festgelegten Beiträgen vor und liefert damit einen gesunden Rahmen für die Ausweitung der obligatorischen Rentendeckung über den öffentlichen Sektor hinaus auf Arbeitnehmer im privaten Sektor. Als nächster Schritt soll das obligatorische Rentensystem auch auf informell Beschäftigte ausgeweitet werden. Begleitend zur Reform wird überdies die Neugestaltung der Anlagepolitik des Reservefonds des Rentensystems, zu der auch die Aufsichtsregelung und die Anlagestrategie gehören, entscheidend für die Modernisierung des kambodschanischen Systems der sozialen Sicherheit sein. Kambodscha hat sich dazu bereits erfolgreich strategisch beraten lassen. Das Land sollte jedoch weitere Beratungen einholen und sein Handeln danach ausrichten. Andernfalls könnte es sein, dass die notwendigen und immer drängenderen politischen Ziele Kambodschas für den Aufbau eines angemessenen und tragfähigen Sozialschutzsystems nicht vollständig umgesetzt werden können. Быстрый экономический рост, падение рождаемости и изменения в структуре семьи побудили Королевство Камбоджа реформировать устаревшую систему пенсионного обеспечения. На этом пути правительство Камбоджи достигло важной вехи в 2019 году, когда был обнародован Закон «О социальном обеспечении». Он включает положения о программе обязательного пенсионного обеспечения с установленными выплатами, что создаёт прочную основу для охвата обязательным пенсионным обеспечением не только работников государственного сектора, но и формальных работников частного сектора. В дальнейшем программа должна быть расширена на неформальных работников. Реформу будет сопровождать инвестиционная политика в отношении резервных фондов пенсионной системы, включая методы контроля и инвестиционную стратегию, которые будут играть важную роль в модернизации системы социального обеспечения Камбоджи. В этой связи страна успешно реализует рекомендации по вопросам политики. Однако ей следует стремиться к получению дальнейших рекомендаций и их претворению в жизнь. В противном случае Камбоджа может не до конца реализовать необходимые и всё более насущные цели политики по развитию адекватной и устойчивой системы социальной защиты. 扩大柬埔寨养老金覆盖面:社会保障投资基金的治理和投资挑战 海基·希拉莫(Heikki Hiilamo)、奥德留斯·比蒂纳斯(Audrius Bitinas)和纳里什·占(Narith Chân) 经济快速增长、生育率下降和家庭结构变化推动柬埔寨王国对其养老金制度进行改革。柬埔寨政府于2019年颁布实施《社会保障法》, 实现了重要里程碑。《社会保障法》包括强制型确定福利金额的养老金计划, 为强制型养老金覆盖面从公共部门扩展至正规私营部门的工人建立了夯实的框架。下一步, 强制型养老金计划将进一步扩展至非正规工人。配套改革中, 养老金计划储备基金的监督制度和投资战略等投资政策, 对于柬埔寨社会保障体系的现代化至关重要。在这方面, 柬埔寨成功寻求了政策咨询。但是, 该国也应继续进一步咨询, 并采取相应的行动。否则, 柬埔寨发展适当和可持续社会保护体系的必要而日益紧迫的政策目标可能无法充分实现。 توسيع نطاق التغطية بالمعاشات في كمبوديا: التحديات التي تواجه الحوكمة والاستثمار في صندوق الاستثمار في الضمان الاجتماعي Heikki Hiilamo و Audrius Bitinas و Narith Chân لقد شجع النمو الاقتصادي السريع وانخفاض معدلات الخصوبة والتغيرات في بنية الأسرة مملكة كمبوديا على إصلاح نظامها المتعلق بمعاشات المسنين. وحققت مملكة كمبوديا معلماً هاماً في عام 2019 بسن قانون الضمان الاجتماعي. ويشمل هذا القانون أحكاماً تخص خطة المعاشات الإلزامية المحددة المنافع، التي تنشئ إطاراً متيناً لتوسيع نطاق التغطية بالمعاشات الإلزامية ليتجاوز القطاع العام، وليشمل العاملين في القطاع الخاص الرسمي. وتتمثل الخطوة الموالية في توسيع نطاق خطة المعاشات الإلزامية لتشمل العاملين غير الرسميين. ولمرافقة هذا الإصلاح، ستكون سياسة الاستثمار في الصناديق الاحتياطية للمعاشات التقاعدية، بما يشمل نظام الإشراف واستراتيجية الاستثمار، أمراً ضرورياً لتحديث نظام الضمان الاجتماعي الكمبودي. وفي هذا السياق، نجحت كمبوديا في الحصول على المشورة السياساتية. ومع ذلك، على البلد أن يواصل السعي للحصول على النصائح وأن يتصرف بناءً عليها. وإلا، ربما لن تتحقق كمبوديا الطموحات السياساتية الضرورية والمتزايدة الإلحاح لكي تطور نظاماً ملائماً ومستداماً للضمان الاجتماعي تحقيقاً كاملاً. Ampliação da cobertura previdenciária no Camboja: desafios de governança e investimentos do Fundo de Investimento da Seguridade Social Heikki Hiilamo, Audrius Bitinas e Narith Chân O rápido crescimento econômico, o declínio da fertilidade e as mudanças nas estruturas familiares encorajaram o Reino do Camboja a reformular seu sistema de aposentadoria por idade. O governo do Camboja atingiu um marco importante em 2019, quando foi promulgada a Lei de Seguridade Social. Esta lei inclui disposições para um regime de aposentadoria com benefício definido obrigatório, que estabelece uma sólida estrutura para ampliação da cobertura de aposentadoria obrigatória para além do setor público, atingindo trabalhadores formais do setor privado. Em uma etapa futura, o regime de aposentadoria compulsória deverá se estender aos trabalhadores informais. Para acompanhar a reforma, a política de investimento dos fundos de reserva do regime de aposentadoria, incluindo o regime de supervisão e de estratégia de investimentos, será essencial para a modernização do sistema de seguridade social cambojano. Inclusive o Camboja tem tido êxito em buscar consultoria sobre políticas nesta esfera de atuação. No entanto, o país deve continuar a buscar consultoria e agir de acordo com ela. Caso contrário, as ambições políticas necessárias e cada vez mais prementes do Camboja no sentido de desenvolver um sistema de proteção social adequado e sustentável podem não se cumprir na íntegra.

Suggested Citation

  • Heikki Hiilamo & Audrius Bitinas & Narith Chân, 2020. "Extending pension coverage in Cambodia: The governance and investment challenges of the Social Security Investment Fund," International Social Security Review, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 73(4), pages 97-116, October.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:intssr:v:73:y:2020:i:4:p:97-116
    DOI: 10.1111/issr.12252
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