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Do age of consent laws decrease teen births?

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  • Louis‐Pierre Lepage

Abstract

This paper studies two legislative changes that extended legal penalties for sex with minors ages 14 to 16 in Canada and the US. Using differences‐in‐differences and triple‐differences strategies, it presents new evidence that age of consent laws affect teen fertility, especially the rate that teenage girls aged 14 to 15 become pregnant and have children from adult men of ages targeted by the law changes. I find that the 2008 increase in Canada and the 1995 increase in the American state of Georgia led to substantial decreases in the fraction of births arising from partnerships made illegal. These impacts reflect net decreases in births and falling abortions rather than changes in reporting, implying decreased pregnancy rates. Further evidence suggests that the laws deterred relationships between teens and targeted partners altogether and I also uncover a strong response to the law through marriage of teens aged 14 to 15 in Georgia, which then provided a loophole because age of consent laws did not apply to married couples. Les lois sur l'âge de consentement font‐elles diminuer le taux de grossesse des adolescentes? Cet article se penche sur deux modifications législatives, une au Canada et une aux États‐Unis, qui ont allongé les sanctions pénales imposées aux personnes qui ont une relation sexuelle avec un mineur de 14 à 16 ans. À l'aide des méthodes des doubles différences et des triples différences, il présente de nouvelles preuves que les lois sur l'âge de consentement ont un effet sur la fertilité adolescente, plus particulièrement sur le taux auquel les adolescentes de 14 ou 15 ans tombent enceintes et donnent naissance à des enfants conçus avec des hommes adultes se situant dans les plages d'âge ciblées par les modifications apportées aux lois. Je constate que les augmentations mises en place en 2008 au Canada et en 1995 en Géorgie ont entraîné une diminution importante du taux de naissances découlant d'unions devenues illégales. Ces répercussions reflètent une diminution nette des naissances et une chute du taux d'avortement plutôt que des changements dans les signalements, ce qui suppose une diminution du taux de grossesse. D'autres données laissent entendre que les lois ont complètement découragé les relations entre les adolescentes et les partenaires ciblés. Je mets également en lumière une forte réaction à la loi qui s'est manifestée dans le taux de mariage des adolescentes de 14 ou 15 ans en Géorgie, ce qui a par la suite ouvert une faille, puisque les lois sur l'âge de consentement ne s'appliquaient pas aux couples mariés.

Suggested Citation

  • Louis‐Pierre Lepage, 2022. "Do age of consent laws decrease teen births?," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 55(3), pages 1431-1459, August.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:canjec:v:55:y:2022:i:3:p:1431-1459
    DOI: 10.1111/caje.12612
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