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Longitudinal Analysis of Transit's Land Use Multiplier in Portland (OR)

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  • Reid Ewing
  • Shima Hamidi

Abstract

Problem, research strategy, and findings: We assess the direct and indirect effects on car use (as measured by household vehicle miles traveled [VMT]) of the Portland Westside Max light rail transit (LRT) extension. We use longitudinal data to estimate the effects of discrete changes in the built environment by comparing a treated transit corridor with a highway corridor that serves as a control. Before the LRT line, the transit and highway corridors were comparable in almost all respects, including household VMT. After the LRT line was completed, the transit corridor had higher density, generated significantly more household walk and transit trips, and experienced a slower rise in VMT per household. We estimate a transit multiplier of 3.04, meaning that transit reduces VMT by three vehicle miles in total for every vehicle mile reduced due to transit ridership. The direct effect occurs through increases in transit ridership and associated reductions in household VMT. The indirect effect is achieved primarily through increased walking around stations and secondarily through increased densities around stations. Fixed-guideway transit in tandem with comprehensive public policies that promote transit-oriented development (TOD) around transit stations on one hand, and highway corridors on the other, produce different transportation outcomes. Takeaway for practice: Building rail lines with supportive local government land use policies and local and even state investments around rail stations can slow the growth of auto use.

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  • Reid Ewing & Shima Hamidi, 2014. "Longitudinal Analysis of Transit's Land Use Multiplier in Portland (OR)," Journal of the American Planning Association, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 80(2), pages 123-137, April.
  • Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:2:p:123-137
    DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.949506
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    1. Shahidur R. Khandker & Gayatri B. Koolwal & Hussain A. Samad, . "Handbook on Impact Evaluation : Quantitative Methods and Practices," World Bank Publications, The World Bank, number 2693, September.
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    1. Lee, Yongsung & Guhathakurta, Subhrajit, 2018. "An analysis of the effects of suburban densification on vehicle use for shopping: Do existing residents respond to land-use changes in the same way as recent movers?," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 193-204.
    2. Liaqat Ali & Ahsan Nawaz & Shahid Iqbal & Muhammad Aamir Basheer & Javaria Hameed & Gadah Albasher & Syyed Adnan Raheel Shah & Yong Bai, 2021. "Dynamics of Transit Oriented Development, Role of Greenhouse Gases and Urban Environment: A Study for Management and Policy," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-14, February.
    3. Duncan, Michael, 2019. "Would the replacement of park-and-ride facilities with transit-oriented development reduce vehicle kilometers traveled in an auto-oriented US region?," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 293-301.
    4. Shima Hamidi & Somayeh Moazzeni, 2019. "Examining the Relationship between Urban Design Qualities and Walking Behavior: Empirical Evidence from Dallas, TX," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-14, May.
    5. D. Knowles, Richard & Ferbrache, Fiona, 2016. "Evaluation of wider economic impacts of light rail investment on cities," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 430-439.
    6. Diao, Mi, 2019. "Towards sustainable urban transport in Singapore: Policy instruments and mobility trends," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 320-330.
    7. Manish Shirgaokar, 2016. "Expanding cities and vehicle use in India: Differing impacts of built environment factors on scooter and car use in Mumbai," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 53(15), pages 3296-3316, November.
    8. Qian Liu & James Wang & Peng Chen & Zuopeng Xiao, 2017. "How does parking interplay with the built environment and affect automobile commuting in high-density cities? A case study in China," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 54(14), pages 3299-3317, November.
    9. Siqi Song & Chen-Chieh Feng & Mi Diao, 2020. "Vehicle quota control, transport infrastructure investment and vehicle travel: A pseudo panel analysis," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 57(12), pages 2527-2546, September.
    10. Chiu, Bing-yu, 2023. "Relationship between motorcycle travel and the built environment: Evidence from Taipei, Taiwan," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 110(C).
    11. Kim, Ja Young & Bartholomew, Keith & Ewing, Reid, 2020. "Another one rides the bus? The connections between bus stop amenities, bus ridership, and ADA paratransit demand," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 135(C), pages 280-288.
    12. Ali Alamdar Moghaddam & Hamid Mirzahossein & Robert Guzik, 2022. "Comparing Inequality in Future Urban Transport Modes by Doughnut Economy Concept," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-24, November.
    13. Zimny-Schmitt, Daniel & Goetz, Andrew R., 2020. "An investigation of the performance of urban rail transit systems on the corridor level: A comparative analysis in the American west," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 88(C).

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