IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/taf/reroxx/v34y2021i1p292-310.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Does the pension system’s income statement really matter? A proposal for an NDC scheme with disability and minimum pension benefits

Author

Listed:
  • Anne M. Garvey
  • Manuel Ventura-Marco
  • Carlos Vidal-Meliá

Abstract

This paper develops an accounting model for monitoring the solvency of a notional defined contribution (NDC) pension scheme with disability and minimum pension benefits. Using the annual report of the Swedish pension system as a benchmark, the “Swedish” actuarial balance is extended by adding an income statement fully explaining the reasons behind the changes in the system’s solvency by type of benefit. In line with the reference model, assets and liabilities are measured at present value at each reporting date, and in each period, included as income or expenses on the Income statement. This accounting framework integrates both contributory and social aspects of public pensions and discloses the real cost of the disability contingency and the redistribution through minimum pensions. Apart from Sweden, this proposal could be especially interesting for improving the reporting of public pensions in countries such as Poland, Italy, Latvia and Norway.

Suggested Citation

  • Anne M. Garvey & Manuel Ventura-Marco & Carlos Vidal-Meliá, 2021. "Does the pension system’s income statement really matter? A proposal for an NDC scheme with disability and minimum pension benefits," Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 34(1), pages 292-310, January.
  • Handle: RePEc:taf:reroxx:v:34:y:2021:i:1:p:292-310
    DOI: 10.1080/1331677X.2020.1782246
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1331677X.2020.1782246
    Download Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers.

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1080/1331677X.2020.1782246?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to look for a different version below or search for a different version of it.

    Other versions of this item:

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Hugo Benítez-Silva & Richard Disney & Sergi Jiménez-Martín, 2010. "Disability, capacity for work and the business cycle: an international perspective [Has the boom in incapacity benefit claimant numbers passed its peak?]," Economic Policy, CEPR, CESifo, Sciences Po;CES;MSH, vol. 25(63), pages 483-536.
    2. María del Carmen Boado-Penas & Salvador Valdés-Prieto & Carlos Vidal-Meliá, 2008. "The Actuarial Balance Sheet for Pay-As-You-Go Finance: Solvency Indicators for Spain and Sweden," Fiscal Studies, Institute for Fiscal Studies, vol. 29(1), pages 89-134, March.
    3. Paul Mason, 2018. "Accounting for social benefits: The search for a past event," International Social Security Review, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 71(3), pages 73-80, July.
    4. Stephan Lindner, 2016. "How Do Unemployment Insurance Benefits Affect the Decision to Apply for Social Security Disability Insurance?," Journal of Human Resources, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 51(1), pages 62-94.
    5. Palmer, Edward & Könberg, Bo, 2019. "The Swedish NDC Scheme : Success on Track with Room for Reflection," Social Protection Discussion Papers and Notes 136539, The World Bank.
    6. Pilar García‐Gómez & Anne C. Gielen, 2018. "Mortality effects of containing moral hazard: Evidence from disability insurance reform," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 27(3), pages 606-621, March.
    7. Christoph Metzger, 2018. "An actuarial balance sheet of the Swiss old‐age pension scheme," International Social Security Review, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 71(1), pages 25-49, January.
    8. Carlos Vidal-Meliá & María del Carmen Boado-Penas & Ole Settergren, 2009. "Automatic Balance Mechanisms in Pay-As-You-Go Pension Systems," The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice, Palgrave Macmillan;The Geneva Association, vol. 34(2), pages 287-317, April.
    9. Carlos Vidal-Meliá & María del Carmen Boado-Penas & Francisco Navarro-Cabo, 2016. "Notional defined contribution pension schemes: why does only Sweden distribute the survivor dividend?," Journal of Economic Policy Reform, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 19(3), pages 200-220, July.
    10. Philip Armour, 2018. "The Role of Information in Disability Insurance Application: An Analysis of the Social Security Statement Phase-In," American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, American Economic Association, vol. 10(3), pages 1-41, August.
    11. Alonso-Garcia, Jennifer & Devolder, Pierre, 2019. "Continuous time model for notional defined contribution pension schemes: Liquidity and solvency," LIDAM Reprints ISBA 2019032, Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Statistics, Biostatistics and Actuarial Sciences (ISBA).
    12. Venti, Steven & Wise, David A., 2015. "The long reach of education: Early retirement," The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, Elsevier, vol. 6(C), pages 133-148.
    13. David H. Autor & Mark G. Duggan, 2006. "The Growth in the Social Security Disability Rolls: A Fiscal Crisis Unfolding," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 20(3), pages 71-96, Summer.
    14. Knell, Markus, 2018. "Increasing life expectancy and NDC pension systems," Journal of Pension Economics and Finance, Cambridge University Press, vol. 17(2), pages 170-199, April.
    15. Assia Billig & Jean‐Claude Ménard, 2018. "Measuring and reporting the actuarial obligations of the Canada Pension Plan," International Social Security Review, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 71(3), pages 49-71, July.
    16. Assia Billig & Jean‐Claude Ménard, 2013. "Actuarial balance sheets as a tool to assess the sustainability of social security pension systems," International Social Security Review, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 66(2), pages 31-52, April.
    17. Gang Chen & David S. T. Matkin, 2017. "Actuarial Inputs and the Valuation Of Public Pension Liabilities and Contribution Requirements: A Simulation Approach," Public Budgeting & Finance, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 37(1), pages 68-87, March.
    18. Arthur, W Brian & McNicoll, Geoffrey, 1978. "Samuelson, Population and Intergenerational Transfers," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 19(1), pages 241-246, February.
    19. Giovanna Dabbicco, 2015. "The Impact of Accrual-Based Public Accounting Harmonization on EU Macroeconomic Surveillance and Governments’ Policy Decision-Making," International Journal of Public Administration, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 38(4), pages 253-267, March.
    20. Carlos Vidal-Meliá & Manuel Ventura-Marco & Juan Manuel Pérez-Salamero González, 2018. "Social Insurance Accounting for a Notional Defined Contribution Scheme Combining Retirement and Long-Term Care Benefits," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(8), pages 1-36, August.
    21. Marta Regúlez‐Castillo & Carlos Vidal‐Meliá, 2012. "Individual information for pension contributors: Recommendations for Spain based on international experience," International Social Security Review, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 65(2), pages 1-27, April.
    22. Gang Chen & David S. T. Matkin, 2017. "Actuarial Inputs and the Valuation of Public Pension Liabilities and Contribution Requirements: A Simulation Approach," Working Papers, Center for Retirement Research at Boston College wp2017-4, Center for Retirement Research.
    23. Costas Stavrakis, 2018. "Reporting the pension obligations of social security schemes: An EU perspective," International Social Security Review, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 71(3), pages 105-123, July.
    24. Qi, Haodong & Helgertz, Jonas & Bengtsson, Tommy, 2018. "Do notional defined contribution schemes prolong working life? Evidence from the 1994 Swedish pension reform," The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, Elsevier, vol. 12(C), pages 250-267.
    25. de Haan, J. & Janssen, K. & Ponds, E.H.M., 2012. "The Holistic Balance Sheet as the New Framework for European Pension Supervision - Evaluation from a Dutch Perspective," Other publications TiSEM fc38c542-0617-487d-b106-a, Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management.
    26. Michaud, Amanda & Nelson, Jaeger & Wiczer, David, 2018. "Vocational considerations and trends in Social Security Disability," The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, Elsevier, vol. 11(C), pages 41-51.
    27. Settergren, Ole & Mikula, Boguslaw D., 2005. "The rate of return of pay-as-you-go pension systems: a more exact consumption-loan model of interest," Journal of Pension Economics and Finance, Cambridge University Press, vol. 4(2), pages 115-138, July.
    28. Settergren, Ole & Mikula, Boguslaw D., 2005. "The Rate of Return of Pay-As-You-Go Pension Systems: A More Exact Consumption-Loan Model of Interest," Discussion Paper 249, Center for Intergenerational Studies, Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University.
    29. Assia Billig & Simon Brimblecombe & Jean‐Claude Ménard, 2018. "Introduction: Quantifying and reporting social security obligations," International Social Security Review, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 71(3), pages 5-12, July.
    30. Manuel Ventura-Marco & Carlos Vidal-Meliá, 2016. "Integrating retirement and permanent disability in NDC pension schemes," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 48(12), pages 1081-1102, March.
    31. Lex Borghans & Anne C. Gielen & Erzo F. P. Luttmer, 2014. "Social Support Substitution and the Earnings Rebound: Evidence from a Regression Discontinuity in Disability Insurance Reform," American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, American Economic Association, vol. 6(4), pages 34-70, November.
    32. Klaus Kaier & Christoph Müller, 2015. "New figures on unfunded public pension entitlements across Europe: concept, results and applications," Empirica, Springer;Austrian Institute for Economic Research;Austrian Economic Association, vol. 42(4), pages 865-895, November.
    33. Jung Min Park & Ukchan Oh & Beop-Rae Roh & Yeongmin Moon, 2017. "Disparities in mortality by disability: an 11-year follow-up study of 1 million individuals," International Journal of Public Health, Springer;Swiss School of Public Health (SSPH+), vol. 62(9), pages 989-996, December.
    34. Lassila, Jukka & Valkonen, Tarmo, 2008. "Applying the Swedish Pension Brake," Discussion Papers 1127, The Research Institute of the Finnish Economy.
    35. Ventura-Marco, Manuel & Vidal-Meliá, Carlos, 2014. "An Actuarial Balance Sheet Model For Defined Benefit Pay-As-You-Go Pension Systems With Disability And Retirement Contingencies," ASTIN Bulletin, Cambridge University Press, vol. 44(2), pages 367-415, May.
    36. Carlos Vidal-Meliá & María del Carmen Boado-Penas & Francisco Navarro-Cabo, 2016. "Notional defined contribution pension schemes: why does only Sweden distribute the survivor dividend?," Journal of Economic Policy Reform, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 19(3), pages 200-220, July.
    37. Fredriksen, Dennis & Holmøy, Erling & Strøm, Birger & Stølen, Nils Martin, 2019. "Fiscal effects of the Norwegian pension reform – A micro–macro assessment," Journal of Pension Economics and Finance, Cambridge University Press, vol. 18(1), pages 88-123, January.
    38. Marvin Phaup, 2019. "Budgeting for Mandatory Spending: Prologue to Reform," Public Budgeting & Finance, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 39(1), pages 24-44, March.
    39. Mitchell Wiener & Philip Stokoe, 2018. "Discussing accrued‐to‐date liabilities," International Social Security Review, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 71(3), pages 27-48, July.
    40. Robert Holzmann & Robert Palacios & Asta Zviniene, 2001. "On the Economics and Scope of Implicit Pension Debt: An International Perspective," Empirica, Springer;Austrian Institute for Economic Research;Austrian Economic Association, vol. 28(1), pages 97-129, March.
    41. Hamish Low & Luigi Pistaferri, 2015. "Disability Insurance and the Dynamics of the Incentive Insurance Trade-Off," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 105(10), pages 2986-3029, October.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Carlos Vidal-Meliá & Manuel Ventura-Marco & Juan Manuel Pérez-Salamero González, 2018. "Actuarial accounting for a notional defined contribution scheme combining retirement and longterm care benefits," Documentos de Trabajo del ICAE 2018-16, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Instituto Complutense de Análisis Económico.
    2. Anne M. Garvey & Juan Manuel Pérez-Salamero González & Manuel Ventura-Marco & Carlos Vidal-Meliá, 2021. "From “Table 29” to the actuarial balance sheet: is it really that big a leap?," Documentos de Trabajo del ICAE 2021-05, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Instituto Complutense de Análisis Económico.
    3. Carlos Vidal-Meliá & Manuel Ventura-Marco & Juan Manuel Pérez-Salamero González, 2018. "Social Insurance Accounting for a Notional Defined Contribution Scheme Combining Retirement and Long-Term Care Benefits," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(8), pages 1-36, August.
    4. Stefan Fetzer & Stefan Moog, 2021. "Indicators for Measuring Intergenerational Fairness of Social Security Systems—The Case of the German Social Health Insurance," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-18, May.
    5. Carlos Vidal-Meliá & María del Carmen Boado-Penas & Francisco Navarro-Cabo, 2016. "Notional defined contribution pension schemes: why does only Sweden distribute the survivor dividend?," Journal of Economic Policy Reform, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 19(3), pages 200-220, July.
    6. Carlos Vidal Meliá & Juan Manuel Pérez-Salamero González & Anne M. Garvey & Anna Castañer Garriga, 2024. "The supplementary table on pensions (Table 29): Actuarial Balance Sheet Update for the Spanish Pension System to 2021, Wave Three," Studies on the Spanish Economy eee2024-18, FEDEA.
    7. Alonso-García, Jennifer & Devolder, Pierre, 2019. "Continuous time model for notional defined contribution pension schemes: Liquidity and solvency," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 88(C), pages 57-76.
    8. Alonso-García, J. & Devolder, P., 2016. "Optimal mix between pay-as-you-go and funding for DC pension schemes in an overlapping generations model," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 224-236.
    9. Metzger, Christoph, 2016. "The German statutory pension scheme: Balance sheet, cross-sectional internal rates of return and implicit tax rates," FZG Discussion Papers 63, University of Freiburg, Research Center for Generational Contracts (FZG).
    10. De Brouwer, Octave & Tojerow, Ilan, 2023. "The Growth of Disability Insurance in Belgium: Determinants and Policy Implications," IZA Discussion Papers 16376, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    11. Chiara Dal Bianco, 2023. "Disability Insurance and the Effects of Return-to-work Policies," Review of Economic Dynamics, Elsevier for the Society for Economic Dynamics, vol. 49, pages 351-373, July.
    12. Frédéric Gannon & Florence Legros & Vincent Touzé, 2020. "Sustainability of pension schemes. Building a smooth automatic balance mechanism with an application to the us social security," Revue de l'OFCE, Presses de Sciences-Po, vol. 0(6), pages 377-401.
    13. Carlos Vidal-Meliá & Mar𨁤el Carmen Boado-Penas, 2013. "Compiling the actuarial balance for pay-as-you-go pension systems. Is it better to use the hidden asset or the contribution asset?," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 45(10), pages 1303-1320, April.
    14. Felix Wellschmied, 2021. "The welfare effects of asset mean‐testing income support," Quantitative Economics, Econometric Society, vol. 12(1), pages 217-249, January.
    15. Hamish Low & Luigi Pistaferri, 2020. "Disability Insurance: Theoretical Trade‐Offs and Empirical Evidence," Fiscal Studies, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 41(1), pages 129-164, March.
    16. David Autor & Andreas Kostøl & Magne Mogstad & Bradley Setzler, 2019. "Disability Benefits, Consumption Insurance, and Household Labor Supply," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 109(7), pages 2613-2654, July.
    17. Andreas Haller & Stefan Staubli & Josef Zweimüller, 2024. "Designing Disability Insurance Reforms: Tightening Eligibility Rules or Reducing Benefits?," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 92(1), pages 79-110, January.
    18. repec:hal:spmain:info:hdl:2441/1nnmnobpu685qait9jaqir07rn is not listed on IDEAS
    19. Anikó Bíró & Cecília Hornok & Judit Krekó & Dániel Prinz & Ágota Scharle, 2023. "The Labor Market Effects of Disability Benefit Loss," CERS-IE WORKING PAPERS 2319, Institute of Economics, Centre for Economic and Regional Studies.
    20. Anca-Stefania Jijiie & Jennifer Alonso Garcia & Séverine Arnold (-Gaille), 2019. "Mortality by socio-economic class and its impact on the retirement schemes: How to render the systems fairer?," ULB Institutional Repository 2013/300032, ULB -- Universite Libre de Bruxelles.
    21. Hagen, Johannes, 2013. "A History of the Swedish Pension System," Working Paper Series, Center for Fiscal Studies 2013:7, Uppsala University, Department of Economics.

    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • G22 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Insurance; Insurance Companies; Actuarial Studies
    • H55 - Public Economics - - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies - - - Social Security and Public Pensions
    • H83 - Public Economics - - Miscellaneous Issues - - - Public Administration
    • J26 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Retirement; Retirement Policies
    • M48 - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics - - Accounting - - - Government Policy and Regulation

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:taf:reroxx:v:34:y:2021:i:1:p:292-310. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Chris Longhurst (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.tandfonline.com/rero .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.