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Development of Social Welfare Policies in the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Countries: Globalization and Democracy

Author

Listed:
  • Sarah Hakeem

    (Jinnah University for Women (JUW))

  • Saghir Pervaiz Ghauri

    (Jinnah University for Women (JUW))

  • Rizwan Raheem Ahmed

    (Indus University)

  • Dalia Streimikiene

    (Lithuanian Energy Institute)

  • Justas Streimikis

    (Institute of Economics and Rural Development
    University of Economics and Human Science in Warsaw)

Abstract

The study extends the debate on social spending in the developing world by taking the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) countries to examine the social policy reactions of democratic and non-democratic regimes to globalization which is one of the main social challenges of sustainable development. This article investigates the impact of globalization and democracy on the aggregate and disaggregates levels of social spending for the selected SAARC countries from the period 1996–2018. The investigation includes how governments react to the challenges of globalization with the welfare policy decisions that are located more toward reducing cost ("efficiency theory") otherwise ensuring individuals' government assistance ("compensation theory"). The results support both the efficiency and compensation thesis depending on which type of globalization indicator is taken under consideration, however, it would be misleading to assume that the efficiency thesis is valid for all developing countries. By using the TSCS data technique on SAARC countries we discovered the impact of globalization on social spending that was supposed to be conditional on regime type. However, the interactive variables reveal an important finding that trade openness tends to increase social spending (the coefficient indicates little systematic effect), and financial openness tends to cut social spending, while democracy of SAARC countries has no significant role or unrelated in counterbalancing these effects. Hence, social spending cannot automatically develop human capital through democratic regime, further SAARC governments are usually in fiscal insolvency that results in allocating most of the resources from budget on debt repayments, leaving a small portion for social-related expenditures.

Suggested Citation

  • Sarah Hakeem & Saghir Pervaiz Ghauri & Rizwan Raheem Ahmed & Dalia Streimikiene & Justas Streimikis, 2023. "Development of Social Welfare Policies in the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Countries: Globalization and Democracy," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 167(1), pages 91-134, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:soinre:v:167:y:2023:i:1:d:10.1007_s11205-023-03095-9
    DOI: 10.1007/s11205-023-03095-9
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    SAARC; Globalization and democracy; Social welfare; Social spending; TSCS techniques; Efficiency theory; Compensation theory;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • F2 - International Economics - - International Factor Movements and International Business
    • O53 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economywide Country Studies - - - Asia including Middle East
    • P2 - Political Economy and Comparative Economic Systems - - Socialist and Transition Economies

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