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Developing a New Index of Rurality for Exploring Variations in Health Outcomes in Auckland and Northland

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  • Jinfeng Zhao

    (The University of Auckland)

  • Shanthi Ameratunga

    (The University of Auckland)

  • Arier Lee

    (The University of Auckland)

  • Michael Browne

    (The University of Auckland)

  • Daniel J. Exeter

    (The University of Auckland)

Abstract

Health inequalities between urban and rural areas are prevalent in many countries. However, rurality is a multifaceted concept so it is important to specify which aspects of rurality are most relevant to the analysis of urban/rural health disparities. Drawing from international research, we identified four domains that are most relevant to measuring rurality: (1) access to service facilities; (2) percentage of natural space; (3) population density; and (4) percentage of people employed in farming-related occupations. For the Auckland and Northland regions of New Zealand, we calculated a score for each of the four domains and combined them into a multi-dimensional index of relative rurality for health research using network analysis and various statistical approaches. We further developed an urban/rural typology that characterises urban and rural areas using quantitative criteria including thresholds and different combinations of domains and indicators of rurality. The rurality index, the typology and existing classifications were assessed in relation to all-cause mortality. The findings of this preliminary study provide useful insights into the potential benefits of a conceptually rigorous, granular and multi-dimensional index which incorporates characteristics that can differentiate levels of rurality in New Zealand more than existing classifications. Validation studies and assessment of associations with specific health outcomes would be useful next steps in considering the utility of this rurality index for New Zealand more generally.

Suggested Citation

  • Jinfeng Zhao & Shanthi Ameratunga & Arier Lee & Michael Browne & Daniel J. Exeter, 2019. "Developing a New Index of Rurality for Exploring Variations in Health Outcomes in Auckland and Northland," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 144(2), pages 955-980, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:soinre:v:144:y:2019:i:2:d:10.1007_s11205-019-02076-1
    DOI: 10.1007/s11205-019-02076-1
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Daniel John Exeter & Jinfeng Zhao & Sue Crengle & Arier Lee & Michael Browne, 2017. "The New Zealand Indices of Multiple Deprivation (IMD): A new suite of indicators for social and health research in Aotearoa, New Zealand," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 12(8), pages 1-19, August.
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