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The New Zealand Indices of Multiple Deprivation (IMD): A new suite of indicators for social and health research in Aotearoa, New Zealand

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  • Daniel John Exeter
  • Jinfeng Zhao
  • Sue Crengle
  • Arier Lee
  • Michael Browne

Abstract

For the past 20 years, the New Zealand Deprivation Index (NZDep) has been the universal measure of area-based social circumstances for New Zealand (NZ) and often the key social determinant used in population health and social research. This paper presents the first theoretical and methodological shift in the measurement of area deprivation in New Zealand since the 1990s and describes the development of the New Zealand Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD).We briefly describe the development of Data Zones, an intermediary geographical scale, before outlining the development of the New Zealand Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD), which uses routine datasets and methods comparable to current international deprivation indices. We identified 28 indicators of deprivation from national health, social development, taxation, education, police databases, geospatial data providers and the 2013 Census, all of which represented seven Domains of deprivation: Employment; Income; Crime; Housing; Health; Education; and Geographical Access. The IMD is the combination of these seven Domains. The Domains may be used individually or in combination, to explore the geography of deprivation and its association with a given health or social outcome.Geographic variations in the distribution of the IMD and its Domains were found among the District Health Boards in NZ, suggesting that factors underpinning overall deprivation are inconsistent across the country. With the exception of the Access Domain, the IMD and its Domains were statistically and moderately-to-strongly associated with both smoking rates and household poverty.The IMD provides a more nuanced view of area deprivation circumstances in Aotearoa NZ. Our vision is for the IMD and the Data Zones to be widely used to inform research, policy and resource allocation projects, providing a better measurement of area deprivation in NZ, improved outcomes for Māori, and a more consistent approach to reporting and monitoring the social climate of NZ.

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  • Daniel John Exeter & Jinfeng Zhao & Sue Crengle & Arier Lee & Michael Browne, 2017. "The New Zealand Indices of Multiple Deprivation (IMD): A new suite of indicators for social and health research in Aotearoa, New Zealand," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 12(8), pages 1-19, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0181260
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181260
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    2. Watkins, A. & Curl, A. & Mavoa, S. & Tomintz, M. & Todd, V. & Dicker, B., 2021. "A socio-spatial analysis of pedestrian falls in Aotearoa New Zealand," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 288(C).
    3. Daniel J. Exeter & Olivia Healey & Jessie Colbert & Nichola Shackleton, 2023. "Developing SEP65: A Census-Derived Index of Socio-Economic Position Specifically for the Older Population in Aotearoa New Zealand," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 169(3), pages 973-991, October.
    4. Jonathan Page, 2018. "Well-Being Assessment in Hawaii: Creating community-level composite indices in paradise," Working Papers 2018-5, University of Hawaii Economic Research Organization, University of Hawaii at Manoa.
    5. Vivienne C. Ivory & Joanne R. Stevenson, 2019. "From contesting to conversing about resilience: kickstarting measurement in complex research environments," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 97(2), pages 935-947, June.
    6. Éadaoin M Butler & José G B Derraik & Marewa Glover & Susan M B Morton & El-Shadan Tautolo & Rachael W Taylor & Wayne S Cutfield, 2019. "Acceptability of early childhood obesity prediction models to New Zealand families," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 14(12), pages 1-16, December.
    7. Wiki, Jesse & Kingham, Simon & Campbell, Malcolm, 2021. "A geospatial analysis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and the food environment in urban New Zealand," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 288(C).
    8. Jinfeng Zhao & Shanthi Ameratunga & Arier Lee & Michael Browne & Daniel J. Exeter, 2019. "Developing a New Index of Rurality for Exploring Variations in Health Outcomes in Auckland and Northland," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 144(2), pages 955-980, July.
    9. Moon, Graham & Twigg, Liz & Jones, Kelvyn & Aitken, Grant & Taylor, Joanna, 2019. "The utility of geodemographic indicators in small area estimates of limiting long-term illness," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 227(C), pages 47-55.
    10. Bernard Baffour & Sumonkanti Das & Mu Li & Alice Richardson, 2024. "The Utility of Socioeconomic and Remoteness Indicators in Understanding the Geographical Variation in the Regional Prevalence of Early Childhood Vulnerability in Australia," Child Indicators Research, Springer;The International Society of Child Indicators (ISCI), vol. 17(4), pages 1791-1827, August.
    11. Beere, Paul & Keeling, Sally & Jamieson, Hamish, 2019. "Ageing, loneliness, and the geographic distribution of New Zealand's interRAI-HC cohort," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 227(C), pages 84-92.
    12. James M. Fitton & Jim D. Hansom & Alistair F. Rennie, 2018. "A method for modelling coastal erosion risk: the example of Scotland," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 91(3), pages 931-961, April.

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