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Variance Propagation for Density Surface Models

Author

Listed:
  • Mark V. Bravington

    (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Marine Laboratory)

  • David L. Miller

    (University of St Andrews)

  • Sharon L. Hedley

Abstract

Spatially explicit estimates of population density, together with appropriate estimates of uncertainty, are required in many management contexts. Density surface models (DSMs) are a two-stage approach for estimating spatially varying density from distance sampling data. First, detection probabilities—perhaps depending on covariates—are estimated based on details of individual encounters; next, local densities are estimated using a GAM, by fitting local encounter rates to location and/or spatially varying covariates while allowing for the estimated detectabilities. One criticism of DSMs has been that uncertainty from the two stages is not usually propagated correctly into the final variance estimates. We show how to reformulate a DSM so that the uncertainty in detection probability from the distance sampling stage (regardless of its complexity) is captured as an extra random effect in the GAM stage. In effect, we refit an approximation to the detection function model at the same time as fitting the spatial model. This allows straightforward computation of the overall variance via exactly the same software already needed to fit the GAM. A further extension allows for spatial variation in group size, which can be an important covariate for detectability as well as directly affecting abundance. We illustrate these models using point transect survey data of Island Scrub-Jays on Santa Cruz Island, CA, and harbour porpoise from the SCANS-II line transect survey of European waters. Supplementary materials accompanying this paper appear on-line.

Suggested Citation

  • Mark V. Bravington & David L. Miller & Sharon L. Hedley, 2021. "Variance Propagation for Density Surface Models," Journal of Agricultural, Biological and Environmental Statistics, Springer;The International Biometric Society;American Statistical Association, vol. 26(2), pages 306-323, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:spr:jagbes:v:26:y:2021:i:2:d:10.1007_s13253-021-00438-2
    DOI: 10.1007/s13253-021-00438-2
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Fernanda F. C. Marques & Stephen T. Buckland, 2003. "Incorporating Covariates into Standard Line Transect Analyses," Biometrics, The International Biometric Society, vol. 59(4), pages 924-935, December.
    2. Hans J. Skaug & Tore Schweder, 1999. "Hazard Models for Line Transect Surveys with Independent Observers," Biometrics, The International Biometric Society, vol. 55(1), pages 29-36, March.
    3. Simon N. Wood, 2011. "Fast stable restricted maximum likelihood and marginal likelihood estimation of semiparametric generalized linear models," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 73(1), pages 3-36, January.
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