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Resilience metrics for cyber systems

Author

Listed:
  • Igor Linkov

    (US Army Engineer Research and Development Center)

  • Daniel A. Eisenberg

    (US Army Engineer Research and Development Center
    Arizona State University)

  • Kenton Plourde

    (US Army Engineer Research and Development Center)

  • Thomas P. Seager

    (Arizona State University)

  • Julia Allen

    (Carnegie Mellon Software Engineering Institute)

  • Alex Kott

    (Army Research Laboratory)

Abstract

As federal agencies and businesses rely more on cyber infrastructure, they are increasingly vulnerable to cyber attacks that can cause damages disproportionate to the sophistication and cost to launch the attack. In response, regulatory authorities call for focusing attention on enhancing infrastructure resilience. For example, in the USA, President Obama issued an Executive Order and policy directives focusing on improving the resilience and security of cyber infrastructure to a wide range of cyber threats. Despite the national and international importance, resilience metrics to inform management decisions are still in the early stages of development. We apply the resilience matrix framework developed by Linkov et al. (Environ Sci Technol 47:10108–10110, 2013) to develop and organize effective resilience metrics for cyber systems. These metrics link national policy goals to specific system measures, such that resource allocation decisions can be translated into actionable interventions and investments. In this paper, a number of metrics have been identified and assessed using quantitative and qualitative measures found in the literature. We have proposed a generic approach and could integrate actual data, technical judgment, and literature-based measures to assess system resilience across physical, information, cognitive, and social domains.

Suggested Citation

  • Igor Linkov & Daniel A. Eisenberg & Kenton Plourde & Thomas P. Seager & Julia Allen & Alex Kott, 2013. "Resilience metrics for cyber systems," Environment Systems and Decisions, Springer, vol. 33(4), pages 471-476, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:envsyd:v:33:y:2013:i:4:d:10.1007_s10669-013-9485-y
    DOI: 10.1007/s10669-013-9485-y
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Stanley Kaplan & B. John Garrick, 1981. "On The Quantitative Definition of Risk," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 1(1), pages 11-27, March.
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    1. Leonarda F. C. Castro & Paulo C. M. Carvalho & João P. T. Saraiva & José Nuno Fidalgo, 2024. "Photovoltaic Projects for Multidimensional Poverty Alleviation: Bibliometric Analysis and State of the Art," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 14(2), pages 507-522, March.
    2. R. Cantelmi & G. Di Gravio & R. Patriarca, 2021. "Reviewing qualitative research approaches in the context of critical infrastructure resilience," Environment Systems and Decisions, Springer, vol. 41(3), pages 341-376, September.
    3. Laura A. Bakkensen & Cate Fox‐Lent & Laura K. Read & Igor Linkov, 2017. "Validating Resilience and Vulnerability Indices in the Context of Natural Disasters," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 37(5), pages 982-1004, May.
    4. Bo Zou & Pooria Choobchian & Julie Rozenberg, 2021. "Cyber resilience of autonomous mobility systems: cyber-attacks and resilience-enhancing strategies," Journal of Transportation Security, Springer, vol. 14(3), pages 137-155, December.
    5. Ivo Häring & Mirjam Fehling-Kaschek & Natalie Miller & Katja Faist & Sebastian Ganter & Kushal Srivastava & Aishvarya Kumar Jain & Georg Fischer & Kai Fischer & Jörg Finger & Alexander Stolz & Tobias , 2021. "A performance-based tabular approach for joint systematic improvement of risk control and resilience applied to telecommunication grid, gas network, and ultrasound localization system," Environment Systems and Decisions, Springer, vol. 41(2), pages 286-329, June.
    6. Zou,Bo & Choobchian,Pooria & Rozenberg,Julie, 2020. "Cyber Resilience of Autonomous Mobility Systems : Cyber Attacks and Resilience-Enhancing Strategies," Policy Research Working Paper Series 9135, The World Bank.
    7. Sedigheh Meimandi Parizi & Mohammad Taleai & Ayyoob Sharifi, 2021. "Integrated methods to determine urban physical resilience characteristics and their interactions," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 109(1), pages 725-754, October.
    8. Claudia R. Binder & Susan Mühlemeier & Romano Wyss, 2017. "An Indicator-Based Approach for Analyzing the Resilience of Transitions for Energy Regions. Part I: Theoretical and Conceptual Considerations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(1), pages 1-18, January.
    9. Wood, Matthew D. & Wells, Emily M. & Rice, Glenn & Linkov, Igor, 2019. "Quantifying and mapping resilience within large organizations," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 117-126.
    10. Alexander A. Ganin & Phuoc Quach & Mahesh Panwar & Zachary A. Collier & Jeffrey M. Keisler & Dayton Marchese & Igor Linkov, 2020. "Multicriteria Decision Framework for Cybersecurity Risk Assessment and Management," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 40(1), pages 183-199, January.
    11. Sharifi, Ayyoob & Yamagata, Yoshiki, 2016. "Principles and criteria for assessing urban energy resilience: A literature review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 1654-1677.
    12. Mujjuni, F. & Betts, T. & To, L.S. & Blanchard, R.E., 2021. "Resilience a means to development: A resilience assessment framework and a catalogue of indicators," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 152(C).
    13. Christopher M. Smith & William T. Scherer & Stephen Carr, 2016. "Value of intelligence applied to networks," Environment Systems and Decisions, Springer, vol. 36(1), pages 85-91, March.
    14. Kong, Jingjing & Zhang, Chao & Simonovic, Slobodan P., 2021. "Optimizing the resilience of interdependent infrastructures to regional natural hazards with combined improvement measures," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 210(C).
    15. Roege, Paul E. & Collier, Zachary A. & Mancillas, James & McDonagh, John A. & Linkov, Igor, 2014. "Metrics for energy resilience," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 249-256.
    16. Alessandro Annarelli & Giulia Palombi, 2021. "Digitalization Capabilities for Sustainable Cyber Resilience: A Conceptual Framework," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-9, November.
    17. Zachary A. Collier & Igor Linkov & James H. Lambert, 2013. "Four domains of cybersecurity: a risk-based systems approach to cyber decisions," Environment Systems and Decisions, Springer, vol. 33(4), pages 469-470, December.
    18. Claudio M. Rocco & Kash Barker & Jose Moronta, 2022. "Determining the best algorithm to detect community structures in networks: application to power systems," Environment Systems and Decisions, Springer, vol. 42(2), pages 251-264, June.
    19. Ziyi Wang & Zengqiao Chen & Cuiping Ma & Ronald Wennersten & Qie Sun, 2022. "Nationwide Evaluation of Urban Energy System Resilience in China Using a Comprehensive Index Method," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-36, February.
    20. Bhandari, Pratik & Creighton, Douglas & Gong, Jinzhe & Boyle, Carol & Law, Kris M.Y., 2023. "Evolution of cyber-physical-human water systems: Challenges and gaps," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 191(C).
    21. Kirsty Perrett & Ian David Wilson, 2023. "A cyber resilience analysis case study of an industrial operational technology environment," Environment Systems and Decisions, Springer, vol. 43(2), pages 178-190, June.
    22. Nicole R. Sikula & James W. Mancillas & Igor Linkov & John A. McDonagh, 2015. "Risk management is not enough: a conceptual model for resilience and adaptation-based vulnerability assessments," Environment Systems and Decisions, Springer, vol. 35(2), pages 219-228, June.
    23. Patriarca, Riccardo & Simone, Francesco & Di Gravio, Giulio, 2022. "Modelling cyber resilience in a water treatment and distribution system," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 226(C).

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