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Evaluating the drivers of groundwater spring discharge in Sindh basin of Kashmir Himalaya

Author

Listed:
  • Hilal Ahmad Sheikh

    (University of Kashmir)

  • M. Sultan Bhat

    (University of Kashmir)

  • Akhtar Alam

    (University of Kashmir)

  • Shafkat Ahsan

    (University of Kashmir)

  • Bilquis Shah

    (University of Kashmir)

Abstract

Mountain springs are the only water source for most of the communities in the Kashmir Himalayas. However, over the past two decades, the discharge of these springs has decreased, and some springs have dried up. The current study mapped springs from the Sindh basin of the Kashmir Himalaya via a GPS-based Field survey. The dynamics of spring discharge were evaluated vis-à-vis climatic variability, land use changes, snow cover area, and any major developmental projects in the catchment. The observed temperature and precipitation data were subjected to trend analysis using the Mann Kendall’s tau test and Sen’s slope estimator. MODIS data were used to understand the dynamics of the Snow Cover Area (SCA) from 2010 to 2021. Landsat satellite imagery was processed to quantify the changes in Land use/cover (LULC). The study found that 13% of the springs below 1600 masl, 22% from 1600 to 2500 masl, and 28.9% above 2500 masl have witnessed a high decrease in discharge. The seasonality of the spring discharge implies snowmelt is the predominant source. The time series analysis shows a weak decreasing trend in the precipitation during the growing season (Spring and Summer). However, both minimum and maximum temperatures show a statistically significant upward trend and result in the early melting of the snow, also confirmed by the analysis of SCA. The study reveals that climate change and LULC change are responsible for the drying of the springs.

Suggested Citation

  • Hilal Ahmad Sheikh & M. Sultan Bhat & Akhtar Alam & Shafkat Ahsan & Bilquis Shah, 2024. "Evaluating the drivers of groundwater spring discharge in Sindh basin of Kashmir Himalaya," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 26(10), pages 25645-25667, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:endesu:v:26:y:2024:i:10:d:10.1007_s10668-023-03700-4
    DOI: 10.1007/s10668-023-03700-4
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Madan Jha & Alivia Chowdhury & V. Chowdary & Stefan Peiffer, 2007. "Groundwater management and development by integrated remote sensing and geographic information systems: prospects and constraints," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 21(2), pages 427-467, February.
    2. Noureen Ali & Akhtar Alam & M. Sultan Bhat & Bilquis Shah, 2022. "Using historical data for developing a hazard and disaster profile of the Kashmir valley for the period 1900–2020," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 114(2), pages 1609-1646, November.
    3. Prem Sagar Chapagain & Motilal Ghimire & Shova Shrestha, 2019. "Status of natural springs in the Melamchi region of the Nepal Himalayas in the context of climate change," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 21(1), pages 263-280, February.
    4. Shinjiro Yano & Naota Hanasaki & Norihiro Itsubo & Taikan Oki, 2015. "Water Scarcity Footprints by Considering the Differences in Water Sources," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 7(8), pages 1-20, July.
    5. Girish C.S. Negi & Varun Joshi, 2004. "Rainfall and Spring Discharge Patterns in Two Small Drainage Catchments in the Western Himalayan Mountains, India," Environment Systems and Decisions, Springer, vol. 24(1), pages 19-28, March.
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